Employment Law HRM Strategy Essay Example for Free

Employment Law HRM Strategy EssayEmployment police force is critical to an organization allowing it to fulfill needs and business ventures applicable to state and federal laws. In this paper we go away be discussing the laws that allow and disallow seasonal worker employees from a nonher country to be able to work in the state of Georgia. In the paragraphs below I will explain to you the reader the scenario listed to a higher place, I will set a plan in accordance to the HRM stance, justify my approach to HR management, state the competitive advantage, and describe the positioning that may occur from not properly following the appropriate laws. either champion has the right to work, and there are m any(prenominal) opportunities in this country. In order to enjoy these liberties workers need to be documented in order to be legitimately able to work without consequence to them, and the company that they are occupying a position. Employment law consists in the body of laws and rules regulating well-behaved rights and non-union related conduct in the workplace (Stewart, 2012). Civil rights include a workplace free from discrimination and harassment for people who fit into one of the legally protected class (Stewart, 2012).Conduct law refers to equal and fair pay immigrator and employment at will laws (Stewart, 2012). These laws are the laws that are pertaining to the laws that are corresponding with the situation of seasonal employees from another country. The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (MSPA) provides employment-related protections to migrant and seasonal agricultural workers and is administered and enforced by the Wage and time of day Division of the U. S.Department of Labor (DOL,2012). Within the confines of the law I came up with a plan for seasonal workers, first these are the parameters that we must follow. Every non-exempt invoke attention contractor, agricultural employer, and agricultural association must* Dis close the terms and conditions of employment to apiece migrant worker in writing at the time of recruitment and to from for each one one seasonal worker when employment is offered, in writing if requested * Post information about orker protections at the worksite * Pay each worker the wages owed when due and provide each with an itemized statement of earnings and deductions * Ensure that housing, if provided, complies with substantive federal and state safety and health standards * Ensure that each vehicle, if transportation is provided, meets applicable federal and state safety standards and insurance requirements and that each driver be properly licensed * Comply with the terms of any running(a) arrangement made with the workers and * Make and keep payroll records for each employee for three years (DOL. 012) The plan that we will use to manage the situation will be by appointing two or three HR professionals, and a project manager to oversee the project.They will coordinate ev ents as per the MSPA which regulates the seasonal workers. The MSPA requires farm labor contractors, agricultural employers, and agricultural associations, who recruit, solicit, hire, employ, furnish, transport, or house agricultural workers, as well as providers of migrant housing, to meet certain minimum requirements in their dealings with migrant and seasonal agricultural workers (DOL, 2012).Our plan resembles closely to what is already in state as per state, federal and local legislations. Human resource is the greatest asset that any organization possesses and it must ensure that this potential is harnessed to the maximum to contribute positively towards the growth of the organization (Amillionlives, 2010).Every non-exempt farm labor contractor, agricultural and seasonal agricultural association must disclose the terms and conditions of employment to each migrant worker in writing at the time of recruitment and to each seasonal worker when employment is offered in writing (DOL, 2012). HR management would use this information to aide in writing the offers of employment for the migrant and farm workers. There are many competitive advantages of HRM practices meets the employment laws, typically business are more competitive with a structured HRM practice in place.Having an HRM in place makes it easier to organize employment according to the laws. An effective HRM in a competitive advantage will use information provided from the Department of Labor (DOL), one instance that would be useful in this situation is Employers must provide each migrant and seasonal day-haul worker with a written disclosure at the time of recruitment that describes the terms and conditions of his or her employment. When offering employment, the employer must provide such isclosure to all seasonal workers upon request. The disclosure must be written in the workers language. If the HRM is effective they will be able to utilize different commodities of the job in order to provide the ser vice as per employment laws and contract obligations. If the situation of the need for seasonal employees who may be from another country were not to follow proper laws could result in major fines and penalties to the company.Ethics related problems are faced by the organizations whenever there is a practice of using favoritism rather than ability or job performance for managerial decisions regarding employment, promotion, pay and discipline. These problems spate be reduced and eliminated by maintaining the highest standards of professional and personal conduct, encouraging employers to make fair and equitable treatment of all.Severe penalties may arise from the state and federal departments for not following proper protocol. Immigration may also be informed of the situation due to the fact that they are dealing with non-citizen workers. In the paragraphs above I have explained to you the reader the scenario of the seasonal workers, provided a plan, justified the approach of HR man agement, competitive advantage, and provided the consequences that may arise from not following proper laws and protocol.

Art Gallery Review Essay Example for Free

Art Gallery Review EssayI went to the Erotic Heritage Museum in Las Vegas, located on 3275 Industrial road (major cross-street Desert Inn) which opened in August of 2008. At the museum it holds, erotic art, exhibits, different timelines and a lot of illustrated history of erotica. on that point were many nifty pieces of artwork, whether it be photo, magazine covers, posters, figures, and sculptures. I was also rattling excited to have actually seen the piece called Venus of Willendorf that is featured in our book on foliate 164. I took my time looking at all the different depictings to see which I would choose from to write roughly. Then I observed one, it was untitled, made in 2008 and the artists name is Fang. I did research on the artist and did not find much on her other than the fact that she is called The ugly artist. Fangs paintings have a BDSM feel for them and use acrylic on canvas. The particular picture I seen was of two beautiful women, one was dominant and th e other a submissive. Both women had kind lines to show their figures off.Most of the colors were very vivid and had high intensity in it. The dominant woman wore a under bust patent strap type of corset with attached panties, and matching knee high stiletto boots. The submissive was totally undressed except for a shiny red o cry posture collar. The dominant woman had spider web tattoos on each shoulder that a spider connected to underneath her neckline. Both women had beautiful persistent flowing lines of black hair, with blue highlights. Bright red lipstick on both women and dark smoky eye makeup.The dominant womans nervus facialis expression was of confidence and superiority, while the submissive woman looked upwards as if to gain a sense of approval. The second picture that caught my eye was in the nip and tuck going to the second floor. It is called Love is an nip and tuck. It was a photograph on canvas and was done by a man named Richard Rasner. This picture was like a grid pattern due to the elevator setup and was very low intensity on the colors. It was mostly different shades of browns and light brown with hints of red.The picture was taken of the inside of an elevator with a female standing in front of a mirror that was inside the elevator with the door open as she looked back at the opening. She was gorgeous and seductively staring as if she was trying to lure someone into the elevator with her. She wore black lingerie and thigh high stockings. The painting was donated a year after the opening of the museum and didnt have much more information. I did find out the same title Love is an elevator is a song by the rock band called Aerosmith.Another lovely painting I was drawn to on the second floor of this huge museum was by Fried Pal. He is known for painting beautiful nude women with oil on canvas. The colors of this piece are neutral, and low intensity browns passim most of the painting. It shows this beautiful, confident, yet flirty woman ly ing on a neutral colored background of saturated colors. Her figure has contour lines to define her body shape. She has discolor colored skin, light pink nipples, light golden brown hair which she has one of her hands in. Her makeup colors are turquoise eye shadow, and chromatic colored lipstick.Her expression says to me I know I am beautiful, and you desire to be with me. Even though you said to only do three I saw another picture definitely worth writing about. It was simply painted pink and white with acrylic on canvas, no title and not signed. How of all time it was donated to the museum by Ron McCallister when he passed away. Ron McCallister was Walt Disneys best friend. If you look at the pictures Walt Disney has done, he always puts light bubbles everywhere in his art and you can severalize his brush strokes. He wasnt the best artist and this picture definitely could be his work.It was a picture of a pink male penis on the left of the painting and on the right was of an op en mouth with the tongue on the tip of the penis. This is said to be the only erotic art Walt Disney has ever produced because he knew his best friend was into erotic art. Overall my experience at the Erotic Heritage museum was very pleasant, nothing too distasteful. I found this value to be comical, and a great place to get knowledge about sexual behavior. There were many different pictures and news clippings, and information on the erotica.There were lots of statues and old art showing different cultures views on sex. There were different views of womens vaginas on the walls and also homosexuality views as well. I also saw the first vibrator as we call it today but back then it was the fifth electronic appliance. I enjoyed all of the art that I reviewed about for all the uniqueness of it overall. Throughout the whole two floors of the museum I was not disgusted by any of it mostly because I have a very open mind and think outside the box. It all was displayed very well throughout the museum and all of the staff was very helpful.

Experiment for Cancer Risk Factors

Experiment for Cancer Risk FactorsCuriouser and CuriouserThe case-control method used to identify risk elements for malignant neoplastic diseases relies on prior knowledge about the possible cerebrate between the cancer and the risk factors. It is a powerful method as the following both cases show.AsbestosIn the 1970s, a series of studies identified the risk factor for a rare form of lung cancer called mesothelioma. Case-control studies pinpointed the risk to certain professions insulation installers, shipyard workers, etc. The statistical analysis pinpointed the risk factor to be exposure to asbestos. ulterior tort litigation and government oversight precipitated a reduction in occupational exposures to asbestos, reducing the risk of mesothelioma.Diethylstilbestrol (DES)Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic endocrine gland prescribed to pregnant women in the 1950s to prevent premature de coloredies. In 1971, case-control studies instal that women with vaginal and uterine canc er had not been exposed to estrogen directly, exclusively their mothers had been. DES, the carcinogen, did not cause cancers to women treated with the drug, but it caused cancers to their daughter who were exposed to the drug in the womb.***But what if the exposure responsible for the disease is unknown?A probe for Chemical CarcinogensNormally, a strain of Salmonella, a bacterial genus, cannot flex on galactose. But when exposed to certain chemicals, it could acquire a gene mutation that enables it to grow on galactose. By counting the number of growth-enabled colonies form, one can quantify the mutation rate in any experiment.In the late 1960s, Bruce Ames, a bacteriologist at Berkeley, used this technique to test thousands of chemicals on their capacity to create mutations in Salmonella, and created a catalog of mutagens chemicals that increased the mutation rate. He observed that chemicals that scored as mutagens tended to be carcinogens. Ames didnt know why mutagens could ind uce cancer. But he had demonstrated a practical way to find carcinogens.Hepatitis B virus (HBV)In the early 1970s, Baruch Blumberg, a biologist in Philadelphia, discovered that a human hepatitis virus can cause chronic inflammation that leads to cancer.In 1966, Blumberg discovered that individuals carrying the Au antigen (a blood antigen amaze in several Australian aboriginals) often suffered from chronic hepatitis. Upon further analysis, he found out that au was not a blood antigen but a viral protein floating in the blood. Blumbergs lab isolated the virus in the early 1970s, and called the virus hepatitis B virus (HBV).HBV infection caused a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from lancinate hepatitis, to chronic cirrhosis in the liver, and to hepatocellular cancer. HBV is a live carcinogen capable of being transmitted from one host to another.By 1979, Blumberg and his team had found a vaccine for HBV. The vaccine cannot cure the cancer, but it can reduce the incidence of HBV in fection.Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)In 1979, at the Royal Perth Hospital in Australia, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren wanted to wonder the cause of gastritis. Patients with gastritis are predispose to peptic ulcers and stomach cancer.Warren believed that gastritis was caused by a yet unknown species of bacteria. But he was ridiculed by mainstream doctors who did not believe any bacteria could live in the stomach.To prove his point, Marshall and Warren set out to culture the bacteria using brushings from patients with ulcers. But no bacteria grew out. Over a busy Easter weekend in 1982, Marshall had forgotten to examine the culture dish for bacteria for a few days. When he remembered and went to examine them, he found bacteria colonies growing out in the dish. Warren and Marshall called it Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).To prove H. Pylori caused gastritis, they inoculated pigs with the bacteria. But the pigs did not get ulcers. In 1984, after failed attempts to infect piglets, Marshall fasted until 10 am and then drank a Petri dish containing cultured H. Pylori, expecting to develop an ulcer. Within a few days, Marshall was violently ill, and diagnosed with gastritis. H. pylori was indisputably the cause of gastritis.By the late 1980s, several epidemiological studies had linked H. pylori-induced gastritis with stomach cancer. Randomized trials run on the western coast of Japan showed that antibiotic interposition reduced gastritis and gastric ulcers, and reduced the incidence of gastric cancer. But the it would not cure the cancer once manifested.A Spiders WebIf cancer truly transitioned from a precursor lesion precancer to its full-blown form slowly, and methodically, then perhaps one could intervene by attacking its precancer, thwarting the progression of the cancer at its earlier stages.thither are two forms of prevention. In primary prevention, you prevent a disease by attacking its cause. For example, stop smoking for lung cancer, or a vaccine ag ainst HBV for liver cancer. In auxiliary prevention, you prevent a disease by screening for its early presymptomatic stage. mammilla insult and mammography (discussed below) are examples of secondary preventions.The Pap smirch Secondary Prevention for Cervical CancerGeorge Papanicolaou, a Greek physician, arrived in New York in 1913. After a few months selling carpets, he found a research position at Cornell University renting the menstrual cycle of guinea pigs. He found that cells shed by the guinea pig cervix could foretell the stages of the menstrual cycle. By the late 1920s, Papanicolaou had extended his technique to human patients. In 1928, he reported that uterine cancer could be diagnosed by sum of a vaginal smear. But the importance of his work was not recognized.Between 1928 and 1950, Papanicolaou delved into his smears ferociously. He became known for his invention of the Papanicolaou test, commonly known as the Pap smear or Pap test. He knew normal cervix cells cha nge in step-wise fashion in time. Might cancer cells also change in a slow stepwise way from normal to malignant? Could he identify intermediate stages of cancer? A thought occurred to him at a Christmas party in 1950. The real use of the vaginal smear was not to find cancer, but to detect its precursor.In 1952, Papanicolaou convinced the NCI to launch a clinical trial of secondary prevention using his smearing technique. In the cohort of about 150,000, 555 women had invasive cervical cancer, while 557 had preinvasive lesions. Early stage preinvasive lesions were curable by a simple surgery. The women with preinvasive lesions had no symptoms. Had they not been tested, they would never have suspected they would develop cervical cancer. The average age of diagnosis of women with preinvasive lesions was about 20 years younger than women with invasive lesions. The Pap smear would detect cervical cancers at an early stage while it is still curable 20 years before they become invasive, gi ving women a chance to treat it before it evolves into cancer.Mammograms Secondary Prevention for Breast CancerIn 1913, Albert Salomon, a German surgeon, performed a study on 3,000 mastectomies. He analyse the X-rays of the amputated breasts after mastectomies to detect the shadowy outline of cancer. Salomon called his technique mammography. He was able to establish the difference as seen on an X-ray image between malignant and non-cancerous tumors in the breast. But his studies were interrupted by the Nazis in the mid-1930s. He lived in a concentration camp until 1939 when escaped the camps to Amsterdam and vanished underground. Mammography, as he called his technique, languished in neglect.By mid-1960s, with radical surgery being challenged, mammography re-enter X-ray clinics, championed by radiographers such as Robert Egan. Egans mammograms could now detect tumors as small as a grain of barley. But would screening women to detect such early tumors save lives?HIP TrialIn 1963, three men set out to investigate whether screening asymptomatic women using mammography would improve mortality from breast cancer. The three men were Louis Venet, a surgeon Sam Shapiro, a statistician and Philip Strax, an internist. They wanted a randomized, prospective trial using mortality as an end point to test mammography.The trial, launched in December 1963, was kept simple. Women enrollees in the New York Health indemnity Plan (HIP) between 40 and 64 years old were divided into two groups. One group was screened with mammography, and the other not. If a tumor was detected by mammography, the women would be treated according to the conventional treatment available at that time.In 1971, the initial findings of the trial were remarkable. 62,000 women participated about half had been screened by mammography. There had been 31 deaths in the mammography group and 52 deaths in the control group. The percentage reduction in mortality from screening was about 40 percent.Breast Cance r detective work and Demonstration take careThe positive results of the HIP trial prompted the American Cancer Society to launch a called the Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project (BCDDP). The project, backed by Mary Lasker and virtually every cancer organization in America, intended to screen 250,000 women in a single year.Problems with the HIP studyAs the BCDDP forged ahead, people were casting doubts over the HIP study. The study had a potential disfigurement. They had decided to exclude women with prior breast cancer. So they dropped women who had had cancer from each group. But they may have over-corrected more patients with prior cancer were dropped from the screened group. Critics now charged that the excess mortality in the control group was due(p) to the fact that it was mistakenly overloaded with patients with prior breast cancer.The Canadian TrialIn Canada, researchers launched their own mammography trial in 1980. But there was a flaw with the study a woman was randomized after her medical history and examination. The allocations that emerged after the nurse interviews were no longer random. Women with abnormal breast were disproportionately charge to the screened group. That explains why the results of the CNBSS were markedly negative The breast cancer mortality of women in the screened group was higher than the unscreened group.Malm Mammographic StudyIn 1976, 42,000 women enrolled in the Malm Mammographic Study. Half of the cohort was screened yearly, and the two groups have been followed closely ever since.In 1988, the study reported its results. Women older than 55 had benefited from screening, with a reduction in breast cancer mortality by 20 percent. Younger women had no benefit from screening. In 2002, an analysis combining the experience over fifteen years was published in the Lancet. In aggregate, for women corned 55 to 70, mammography screening had resulted in 20 to 30 percent reductions in breast cancer mortality. But for women under 55, the benefit was negligible.

Assessment Of The Clash Of Civilizations Politics Essay

Assessment Of The Clash Of Civilizations Politics EssayHuntington (1993) argues in his known theory about the clash of civilizations that the future contests in the cosmos will be in the midst of civilizations, most especially along the fault lines of these civilizations. He identifies septet or eight civilizations, namely the Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin-Ameri squirt and possibly the African civilization. This paper will setoff examine the arguments Huntington employs in favour of his thesis and the critique hypothecate on this. The second part will look deeper into the research on fight agent to look if contrasts can indeed be explained by intercultural differences.2. Huntington and his critics (300-500)The first argument in favour of the civilization thesis is that, harmonize to Huntington (1993, p. 25), differences among civilizations be basic. The differences can be found in amongst opposites history, culture and religious beli ef. Many critics do non agree with this argument, arguing that the division of civilizations would be imprecise and that Huntington is generalizing too easily. Huntington neglects the diversity which exists the world nowadays (Perry, 2002 Veer, 1999 Esposito, 2003). Perry (2002, p. 3) gives an example that neither religion nor alphabet can unloosen the differences betwixt the Western and Latin American civilization. A nonher argument is from forefront der Veer (p. 2), who acknowledges that religion is important when distinguishing civilizations, but that this also counts for nation-states. That Huntington chooses for civilizations and neglects the importance of nation-states is a short-coming according to van der Veer (1999, p. 2), especially be obtain the two world fights were between nation-states indoors the similar civilization. Furthermore, there have been many other conflicts within the same civilization (Iraq-Iran Kuwait-Iraq).The second argument Huntington (1993, p. 25) gives is that world is becoming smaller, so that interactions between people of antithetic civilizations are increasing. This creates consciousness and awareness of the differences between civilizations and can also allow to clashes. According to Perry (2002, p. 4) this argument is slippery, because Huntington is referring to one trend happening in many European countries today but which is not present everywhere in the world. He is referring to the tensions between immigrants and natives caused by immigration to western countries. Besides, according to van der Veer (1999, p. 8), this trend does not per se append feelings of civilizations but can also increase feelings of nationalism or other forms of identity.Thirdly, the nation state as source of identity will weaken due to processes of sparing modernization and social change. These processes end-to-end the world separate people from their local identities and kinda increase religion as a source of identity. Religion uni tes people across borders and, as religion being an important characteristic of civilization, civilizations will become more important (Huntington, 1993, p. 26). However, critics argue that modernization could also lead to a decrease of religion instead of an increase (Veer, 1999, p. 2). This can be seen in the EU nowadays, in which less and less people go to the church. Besides, modernization led in the past to change magnitude feelings of nationalism, and not to feelings of civilization (Muller, 2008).The fourth point Huntington (1993, p. 26/27) charters is the dual role of the West, which is at the moment at the peak of its power but at the same time the period is characterized by a return to the roots in Non-Western civilizations. According to critics, this assumption is also too oversimplified, as in each sphere there are pro-western and anti-western individuals. Besides, the conclusion years have evidenceed a growing interest in the West among the mass population. Immigra tion towards Western countries is because people try for to engender better lives in there, and they wish that their countries become comparable Western countries (bron).Fifthly, cultural features are less mutable than governmental and economic ones. This means that they are also more difficult to overcome. It is hard to change someones ethnicity and religion (Huntington, 1993, p. 27). However, according to Muller (2008), this does not necessarily lead to a clash. As seen in the past, diametrical ethnicities lived peaceful together in empires without conflicts between them. Furthermore, Huntingtons arguments imply that cultural features are primordial, which means that features are a cultural given and a inborn affinity. Besides, he does not make a clear difference between civilizations and ethnicities. According to constructivist theories cultural features are not like kinship sentiments, they are constructed and it is thus thinkable to change them (Rubenstein Crocker, 1994 , p. 118 Oberschall, 2000, p. 982/983).The last argument is that economic regionalism is increasing which will be most visible with economic blocs. According to Huntington, economic regionalism may succeed exclusively when it is rooted in a common civilization, a good example of this would be the EU (Huntington, 1993, p. 27). However, nowadays it is not so obvious that the EU is regarded as a success, taking into account the financial problems in Greece and Ireland.3. War causation (750-1500)Although Huntington is convinced that the future wars will be between civilizations, the research on war and conflict causation shows different findings. As already seen in the previous section of this paper, the two world wars of the last century were between countries within the same civilization (WW I and WW II). Also the majority of conflicts were within civilizations, which implies more inter-ethnic conflicts (Fox, 2005, p. 448) Also the Islamic civilization has seen many conflicts, for ex ample the Iran-Iraq war and the war between Iraq and Kuwait. These conflicts show that it is not per se about cultural differences, but about national interests. But also conflicts between different religions can have a untrue image. An example is the conflict in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants, in which political and socio-economic issues and grievances are more important than religion itself. This also counts for Islamic-Christian conflicts in Sudan, Lebanon and Bosnia. From the top it looks like a conflict about religion, however at the ground other issues than religion are more important (Veer, 1999, p. 7 Esposito, 1999, p. 228/229). Furthermore, many of the terrorists attacks in the last decade have been against Muslims in Muslim states. Tensions between Shii and Sunni are still there, and also tensions around the Kurds and other ethnic Muslim groupings (Fox, 2005, p. 447). Academics in the field of war causation have more critique on Huntingtons thesis, b ecause there are other important causations for war which he ignores. In this part the following doubt will be answered Are ethnic or cultural differences a driver of war, or are there others causations? First other theories of war causation will be discussed and at the end there will be reflection to Huntingtons theory.3.1 Ethnic and cultural differences as a driver of warExplanations of conflict by ethnic differences is a popular topic in the war causation theories nowadays. However, it is not only popular but it also received much critique.Since the end of the Cold War the world has seen many ethnic conflicts. To name unspoilt a few Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda, Abkhazians and South-Ossetians in Georgia, Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan and Kurds in Turkey.In the debate about the ethnic differences as a driver of war, there is one group of scholars that sees these differences as the main driver. These can be called the primordialists. The primordialists see ethnicity as a given people are bo rn with it. Different ethnicities can be seen everywhere in the world, the world exists of different traditions, cultures, religions, norms and values (Baumann, 1999, p. 59).Furthermore the world exists of inequalities. Mostly these inequalities run parallel with different ethnicities mentioned before. In other words, inequalities are caused by different ethnicities, because different ethnicities exist just because they are there. The inequalities cause conflicts between different ethnicities. Clashes and conflicts between ethnicities and cultures are thus unavoidable (Baumann, 1999, p. 61-62). Also Huntington can be regarded as a primordialist, because he sees no other option than a clash between civilizations. A clash will occur, just because different civilizations and cultures are there.The second group of scholars are the constructivists. They argue that ethnicity is being viewed as a cogent existential reality, which is a process of reification (Baumann, 1999, p. 61-62). Reifi cation is when an abstract belief or idea is taken for granted as being real. Something which in fact is not real, is being treated and viewed as real, just like ethnicity (Baumann, 1999, p. 63). According to the constructivists ethnicity is made by mankind and it is socially constructed.Baumann (1999, p. 64) gives a clear example of how ethnicity should be regarded it can be compared with wine, which is made of natural ingredients. But these natural ingredients do not make wine themselves. The ingredients need to be added to each other and they need to ripe. In the end, a wine will have different flavours depending on a certain context. Also ethnicity exists of different natural bonds which do not in themselves create ethnicity. It needs economic and political interests in order to work in everyday life. Furthermore it needs social conditions, because the ethnicity needs to make sense for the people. Furthermore, ethnicity has also different meanings related to various social setti ngs (Baumann, 1999, p. 64).So in other words, ethnicity is a peoples creation based on natural products and not a natural product on its own (Eriksen, 1993, p. 16 Barth, 1998, p. 15).So although ethnicity is being viewed by many academics like Huntington as something absolute and a natural given, in fact it is not because it is socially constructed. People can change their identity (Eriksen, 1993). For the explanation of war this has consequences, because if ethnicities are constructed, clashes between ethnicities could be avoided. There should be some other forces which cause war and feelings of ethnicity. The next part will deal with some of these other theories.3.2 Other explanations of war avaritia economic factors wiz group that does not agree with Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations is the group who argue that economic factors are the main drivers of conflict (Collier, 2000). They see greed as the important cause for war (Collier, 2000 Collier Hoeffler, 2004). Economic incenti ves make rebellion possible and there are groups with economic power who tend to gain from the continuation of the conflict. This has all to do with the rational choice paradigm, conflict gives rebels the opportunity to enrich themselves (i.e. rebels are rational) (Bulte, 2009, p. 2).When looking at the ongoing conflicts in the world nowadays, it becomes clear that in many cases economic aspects indeed play an important role Colombia, Mexico, Congo, Afghanistan, Sudan, Iraq, etc. All are cases in which drugs, oil or natural resourcefulnesss are (leading) factors in the war.This leads us to the resource curse, which implies that the availability of resources would increase the risk of conflict (Collier Hoeffler, 2004). Resources in a country are associated with 1) a slower economic growth 2) violent civil conflict and 3) undemocratic regimes types (Bulte, 2009, p. 2).An important aspect of the greed theory is Cramers (2002, p. 1857) point of view that capital and capitalism is an i nternational phenomenon. He says that none of the contemporary civil wars can be explained without the magnitude of the interests and activities of international capital linkages. Economic powers intervene when they can get profit out of it. It is no surprise that the Middle East has seen so many conflicts in which the U.S. was involved. Oil and natural resources are main drivers to intervene and main drivers for conflict.Grievances inequalityAnother group that does not agree with Huntingtons thesis is the group that focus on the explanation of conflict by grievance. Grievance is in contrast to greed rooted in a behavioural paradigm and emphatic by relative deprivation, inequality and social exclusion (Bulte, 2009, p. 2).The definition of relative deprivation is the perceived gap between peoples value expectations and their value capabilities that is, the discrepancy between what people think they ought to get from society and what they believe they will actually obtain (Schock, 1996, p. 101 Gurr, 1970). When people feel they cannot obtain what they want, people feel that they post from inequality. The feeling of inequality leads to frustration which may lead to aggression and violence. This happens mainly with people who suffer from social exclusion, for example an ethnic minority (Gurr, 1970).However, critique on the grievances theory is that it does not explain how the people get mobilized. Therefore, political factors should be taken into account.Political factorsThe last group of theories that will be discussed is the group that explains conflicts by state (trans)formations, weak states and democracies, i.e. the political context. They argue that there is more put on the line on violence during a period of democratisation than in a rich authoritarian or a full democratic regime. This means that when a state is changing from an autocracy to a democracy, the state is in transition and this increases the chance on war. In a transition period a situati on of social change, institutional weakness and threatened interests arises. This can produce a political impasse for getting to democracy it becomes difficult to form stable political coalitions and to gain sufficient support for power (Mansfield Snyder, 1995, p .26).Some add to this that not only transition can explain the level of civil war, but also the degree of democracy (Hegre et al, 2001, p. 42/43). They state that semi-democracies are unstable, because they are partly open yet somewhat repressive a combination that invites protest, rebellion and other forms of civil violence (Hegre et al, 2001, p. 33). Political participation is ineffective but militarisation is possible. Potentially effective violent protest is thus selected to oppose the government (Schock, 1996, p. 124/125).4. ConclusionThis paper discussed Huntingtons theory about the clash of civilizations and to what extent this theory find its support in research on war causation.Huntington is chastise to a certai n extent, that future wars will be more and more between different cultures. However, the explanation of this statement and a great understanding of what is happening in the world is very important. Clashes between different cultures do not happen just because different cultures are there. Clashes between cultures happen because of a certain context in which they exists and because of certain forces which influence a conflict. These can be economic aspects, feelings of inequalities or the political context. All should be taken into account in order to understand future conflicts.Furthermore it is necessary to say that although Huntington can be right that clashes between different cultures will occur, this does not have to be per se between civilizations. It makes more sense that conflicts happen between ethnicities or nations, also within the same civilizations. The concept of civilizations is too generalized.Only time can learn us what will happen in the future.LiteratureBarth, F. (1998), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries the social brass section of cultural difference. Long Grove Waveland Press.Baumann, G. (1999), The Multicultural Riddle Rethinking National, Ethnic and Religious Identities. London/New York Routledge.Bulte, E. (2009) Natural resources and violent conflict resource abundance dependency and the onset of civil wars Oxford Economic Papers.Collier, P. Hoeffler, A. (2004) Greed and grievance in civil war, Oxford Economic Papers, 56563-595.Collier, P. (2000) Doing well out of war an economic perspective, in M. Berdal D.M. Malone (eds) Greed and Grievance Economic agendas in civil wars. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Colorado.Cramer, C. (2002) Homo economicus goes to war methodological individualism, rational choice and the political economy of war, World Development, 30(11) 1845-1864.Eriksen, T. H. (1993), Ethnicity and Nationalism Antropological Perspectives. London underworld Press.Esposito, J.L. (1999), The Islamic Threat. Myth or Reality?. Third Edi tion, New York/Oxford Oxford U.P., 1999, 212-289.Fox, J. (2005) Paradigm Lost Huntingtons unfilled clash of civilizations prediction into the 21st century, International Politics, 42428-457.Gurr, T.R. (1970) Chapter 2, Relative Deprivation and the impetus to violence, in T.R. Gurr, Why men rebel. Princeton Princeton Universtiy Press.Hegre, H., T. Ellingsen, S. Gates N.P. Gleditsch (2001), Toward a democratic civil peace? Democracy, political change, and civil war 1816-1992, The American Political Science Review, 95 (1)33-48.Huntington, S. (1993), The Clash of Civilizations. In Foreign Affairs (72,3) Summer 1993, 22-49. implant of International Studies (IIS) (2003), Islam and the West Conversation with John L. Esposito. In Conversations with History, Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley. Accessed 6 January 2011. Available at www http//globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people3/Esposito/esposito-con0.htmlMansfield, E.D. J. Snyder (1995), Democratization and the danger of war, Int ernational Security, 20(1)5-38.Muller, J.Z. (2008), Us and them. The enduring power of ethnic nationalism. In Foreign Affairs, bound/April 2008Oberschall, A. (2000) The manipulation of ethnicity from ethnic cooperation to violence and war in Yugoslavia, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(6)982-1001.Perry, G. (2002), Huntington and his critics the West and Islam. In Arab Studies Quarterly 24 (2002) 1.Rubenstein, R.E. J. Crocker (1994) Challenging Huntington, Foreign Policy, 96113-128.Schock, K. (1996) A conjuctural model of political conflict the impact of political opportunities on the relationship between economic inequality and violent political conflict, Journal of Conflict resolution, 40(1)98-133.Veer, P. van der (1999), Political Religion in the twenty-first century. In T.V. Paul and John A. Hall (eds.) International Order and the Future of World Politics (Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 311-327.

Memory Conformity of Autobiographical Events: an fMRI Study

Memory Conformity of Autobiographical Events an fMRI StudyWhether privately, when we remember a past experience, or publicly, when we recall a shared depot board with a friend, remembering is a in operation(p) process. The narratives of our past help us define and maintain our sense of self and meet the well-disposed demands of the community (Barnier, Sutton, Harris, Wilson, 2008 Harris, Paterson, Kemp, 2008). However, far from existence exact replications of the past, our recollections may be influenced by forward knowledge and imagination, external demands and internal expectations, and exposure to subsequent instruction (Dudai Edelson, 2016 Schacter, Guerin, St. Jacques, 2011). Memory, thusly, is a constructive process (St Jacques, Olm, Schacter, 2013). epoch the malleability of our memories is a necessary feature for an adaptive shop system, both psychological and neuroscientific look in the moody storage publications has consistently translaten that the tra ctability of our storage processes also render memories vulnerable to errors and colourizeions (Loftus, 2005 Loftus Pickrell, 1995 Schacter et al., 2011 Schacter Loftus, 2013 St Jacques et al., 2013). Extensive research has indeed demonstrated the detrimental personal effects that monstrous or mis returning post-event selective information has on the content of storage reports, a phenomenon called the misinformation effect (Loftus, 2005). In the classical misinformation paradigm, participants are asked to remember an event, gestate a reposition rivulet that contains some kind of misinformation, and past complete a final memory test for the original event. Across experiments results hand over consistently shown that after receiving the misinformation, participants in the final test tend to limiting the content of their memory or even endorse a memory for an event that never happened (Frenda, Nichols, Loftus, 2011 Loftus, 2005 Loftus Pickrell, 1995). Typically, research ers micturate explained this phenomenon in accordance with a source-monitoring framework that sees imitation memories as arising from participants erroneous attribution of the misinformation to the original event (Johnson, 1997). Recent research on the misinformation effect with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has started to reveal the be mechanisms that support false memory formation (Frenda et al., 2011 Schacter Loftus, 2013). Although with some degree of variation mostly accounted by different experimental procedures, neuroimaging studies have shown that straits activity associated with encoding-related processes oddly in the hippocampal complex during the original event and misinformation phase is predictive of whether the misinformation would be later endorsed (Baym Gonsalves, 2010 Okado Stark, 2005 Schacter Loftus, 2013 St Jacques et al., 2013). These studies point to the adaptive perspective of memory. Although different pattern of activation do seem to distinguish professedly from false memories, the misinformation effect found in behavioral studies seem to arise from a flexible memory system that through with(predicate) reactivation and reconsolidation is responsible for memory updating (Schacter et al., 2011 Schacter Loftus, 2013 St Jacques et al., 2013). Thus, the misinformation effect is a byproduct of functional memory processes that allow the incorporation of new information but are persuasible to memory errors (Dudai Edelson, 2016 Frenda et al., 2011 Schacter et al., 2011 St Jacques et al., 2013).Given the powerful influence and adaptive value that post-event information has on memory, new-fangled research has increasingly begun to explore the misinformation effect when the wild information comes from other state, i.e. the source of the misinformation is sociable (Oeberst Seidemann, 2014 Schacter Loftus, 2013). In numerous real-world contexts, ranging from the exposure to mass media, hearty interactions, and eyew itness testimony, remembering an event involves sharing information with other people (Edelson, Sharot, Dolan, Dudai, 2011). While sharing information enhances individual memory performance when events are encoded poorly, in others circumstances, e finically when incorrect information is shared, collective remembering is likely to pay off memory errors (Harris et al., 2008 Hirst Echterhoff, 2012 Rajaram Pereira-Pasarin, 2010). Indeed, research converging experiments on social unity and the misinformation effect have provided extensive evidence supporting the idea that people change their memory reports in response to incorrect information from a social source, a phenomenon often referred to as memory conformity (Dudai Edelson, 2016 Gabbert, Memon, Allan, 2003 Gabbert, Memon, Wright, 2006 Horry, Palmer, Sexton, Brewer, 2012 Jaeger, Lauris, Selmeczy, Dobbins, 2012 Meade Roediger, 2002 Roediger, Meade, Bergman, 2001 Thorley, 2013 Wright, Self, Justice, 2000 Wright, Memon, Skagerberg, Gabbert, 2009). Memory conformity re leaves a circumscribed kind of misinformation effect that exerts strong influence on memory reports a study has found that participants were more likely to report the misinformation when the incorrect information came from banter with a confederate as opposed to when it was included in narratives (Gabbert, Memon, Allan, Wright, 2004) and has high ecological validity. Not only has research found that about 86% of eyewitnesses have reported talking to another person to begin with providing their testimony but also cases have been documented in which co-witness sharing of information has led to the unlawful conviction of a suspect (Oeberst Seidemann, 2014 Thorley, 2013 Wright et al., 2000 Wright et al., 2009). Although participants may change their memory reports in the presence of social pressure collect to normative influences (i.e., participants report the incorrect information solely out of the need to comply with others) an d informational influences (i.e., participants report the incorrect information because they believe the others to be right), the literature on the misinformation effect suggests that memory conformity may arise from false memory formation (Gabbert et al., 2003 Meade Roediger, 2002 Oeberst Seidemann, 2014 Roediger et al., 2001 Wright et al., 2009). Studies have in fact shown that participants tend to report the incorrect information even in later memory tests, where participants are tested individually in the absence of social pressure, and misattribute the endorsed misinformation to the original event (Meade Roediger, 2002 Roediger et al., 2001). Evidence to the false memory account also comes from neuroimaging studies that have seek to identify the neural correlates involved in memory conformity. In an fMRI study by Edelson, Sharot, Dolan, and Dudai, (2011), groups of five participants were shown a video of a mock criminal offence and were tested three times on the content of their memory across two weeks. Critically, in the second test, the researchers manipulated the misinformation by showing participants either fake incorrect answers of the four co-observers or no answers. Consistent with previous research on the misinformation effect, greater activity in encoding-related regions, specifically the bilateral anterior hippocampus, bilateral john hippocampus and bilateral parahippocampal gyrus was found for trials that resulted in erroneous answers even in the absence of social pressure but not for trials that resulted in errors due to social pressure or in correct answers. The researchers also found increased activity in the bilateral amygdala, a region involved in social-emotional processing, and increased functional connectivity between this region and the hippocampus in persisting memory conformity errors (Edelson et al., 2011). Not only these results indicate that participants updated their memory when they receive the misinformation, replicating previous neuroimaging results, but they also reveal the role of the amygdala in the integration of social-specific information in memory (Dudai Edelson, 2016 Edelson et al., 2011).For its high relevance to the forensic context, past research on memory conformity has focused on studying the social forces that influence memory reports mainly in the field of eyewitness testimony (Gabbert et al., 2003 Harris et al., 2008 Horry et al., 2012 Jaeger et al., 2012 Oeberst Seidemann, 2014 Williamson, capital of Minnesota Weber, Nathan Robertson, 2013 Wright et al., 2009). The effects of social forces on the content of autobiographic memories, however, re face up an area of research that seems to have been neglected by the literature on memory conformity (Barnier et al., 2008). Autobiographical memories are memories of personal experiences, commonly accompanied with high personal and sometimes emotional relevance (Harris et al., 2008). Given the role that autobiographical memories have in individual and community-directed behavior, as we selectively remember events that help us maintain our individual and group identity, and their occurrence in social interactions, as people usually share their memories in conversation when they remember a past experience (Dudai Edelson, 2016 Harris et al., 2008 Rajaram Pereira-Pasarin, 2010 Zawadzka, Krogulska, Button, Higham, Hanczakowski, 2015), the present study attempts to study the susceptibility of autobiographical memories to social influences that create memory errors and distortions. Previous studies on false memories provide, perhaps unintentionally, some evidence for the endorsement of misinformation coming from social sources, whether implicitly through questionnaires created by the experimenter or explicitly by specifically informing the participants about the source of the misinformation (Hirst Echterhoff, 2012). Indeed, in Loftus and Pickerells (1995) notorious lost in the mall paradigm, 29% of participants came to form a completely false memory about being lost in a mall when they were children. Critically, the false event was prototypically introduced through narratives from a close relative (Hirst Echterhoff, 2012 Loftus Pickrell, 1995). In recent attempts to understand the effects of social influence on autobiographical memories, a study has directly manipulated the presence of a social source, by introducing a constituent of misinformation about a participants personal memory during conversation with a confederate. The study found that a week after receiving the misinformation from the confederate, about 30% participants included the misinformation in their final description of their memory (Barnier et al., 2008). Together, these findings suggest that rich autobiographical false memories might indeed be influenced by post-event information introduced by social actors (Harris et al., 2008).The present study thus aims at understanding the cognitive mechanisms of memory conformity for autobiographical memories using fMRI. The experiment volition adapt a novel museum limp paradigm used by St Jacques et al. (2013), which allows the control over the encoding of real-world events and measures of memory accuracy, to study the neural mechanisms involved in the influence of post-event information on autobiographical memories to the previously described memory conformity procedure used by Edelson et al. (2011). Studying the neural mechanisms involved in memory conformity for personal events has indeed methodological, theoretical, and applied valence. From a methodological perspective, the memory conformity procedure used in Edelson et al. (2011) study and the museum tour paradigm used in St Jacques et al. (2013) testament affirm new ways to systematically study both autobiographical memories using fMRI and their susceptibility to social influences. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the integration of social information in autobiographical memories depart ext end our theoretical knowledge on the flexibility of our memory system responsible both for the formation of false memories and adaptive memory updating. Finally, studying the mechanisms involved in the effects of social influences on autobiographical memories allow foring also expand the memory conformity literature to the real-world examples of personal memories, critical for the forensic context where jurors are asked to judge eyewitness memory reports of personally relevant events (Schacter Loftus, 2013).Based on previous research reviewed above, the followers predictions are hypothesized. behaviorally, trials where the misinformation is introduced by fake co-observers answers will produce errors that are likely to persist even when participants are tested individually ( grim errors) (H1). Neuroimaging data will show greater activity in the hippocampal complex for the social misinformation condition opposed to the no-misinformation condition (H2). Additionally in the social manipulation condition, greater hippocampal activity will be measured for trials that produce errors that persist in the absence of social influences compared to trials that produce errors only in the presence of co-observers answers ( evanescent errors) or trials where no conformity is produced (H3). Finally, the special role of the amygdala in the integration of social information will be also studied. More hippocampus-amygdala connectivity for persistent errors produced by the social-manipulation condition is expected when contrasted with transient errors and the control condition (H4).MethodsParticipantsForty right-handed participants will be recruited through the University of Kent Research Participation Scheme. Participants with history of psychiatric disorder or using medication known to affect cognitive functioning will be excluded.Design procedureThe study is a within-participants design, divided into four phases, specifically an encoding phase, a first memory test (Test 1), a manipulation phase (Test 2), and a final memory test (Test 3) (Edelson et al., 2011).Encoding phase (day 0) Groups of five unacquainted participants will be provided with an iTouch (Apple) outlining a self-guided audio tour of the British Museum (London, UK) and will be asked to wear a camera that automatically takes photographs every 15 seconds (St Jacques et al., 2013). There will be two slightly different versions of the museum tour, each composed by 208 stops, which will be counterbalanced between groups of participants.Test 1 (day 3) Participants will take a first forced-choice memory test individually for the museum tour. They will be shown two photographs (A B) for every museum stop one taken from the version of the tour they have experienced, the other from the alternate tour they have not experienced. The photographs will be matched for every stop between the two versions. They will be then asked to postulate the museum stop they remember taking part in and to rate their confidence from 0 (guess) to 100 (absolute confidence). Answers will provide the baseline for accuracy and confidence before the manipulation.Manipulation phase Test 2 (day 7) Participants will be asked to take a second individual memory test in the fMRI scanner. The test will be similar to Test 1 but after the photographs presentation and before participants response, another screen will appear with the pictures of the co-observers. For the photographs of museum stops that received a high confidence correct answer in Test 1, co-observers pictures will be presented with either all incorrect answers (manipulation condition), all correct answers (credibility condition), or an X replacing the answers (no manipulation condition). The credibility condition helps to avoid suspicion from participants, will contain different photographs taken from all the questions in Test 1 and will be excluded from analysis.Test 3 (day 14) Participants will take a final individual memory test ident ical to Test 1 in the scanner. Before the test, participants will be warned that the answers provided by the co-observers in Test 2 were randomly generated.MaterialsAll stimuli and materials will be taken from St Jacques et al. (2013) and adapted for the purpose of the present study.AnalysisThe following analyses are based on Edelson et al. (2011)s study (see supplementary information).Behavioral dataA iterate measure GLM with error type (transient errors, persistent errors, non-conformity, and no manipulation) as a factor will be conducted. Transient errors trials where the social manipulation was introduced and for which participants select a first correct answer (Test 1), an incorrect answer in Test 2, and revert back to the correct answer in Test 3. Persistent errors trials where the social manipulation was introduced for which participants give a first correct answer in Test 1 but an incorrect answer in both Test 2 and 3. Non-conformity trials where the social manipulation wa s introduced and for which participants give a correct answer in both Test 2 and 3. No manipulation trials where co-observers answers will not be given.Neuroimaging dataRegion of stake analysis activity in previously identified regions of cheer (ROI) (i.e., bilateral amygdala, bilateral para-hippocampus and bilateral anterior and posterior hippocampus) will be analyzed with repeated measures GLM with error type (persistent errors, transient errors, non-conformity, and no manipulation) as a factor.Functional connectivity analysis whole brain analysis will be conducted to measure functional connectivity between activated ROIs and the left amygdala across experimental conditions.Why fMRI?Reasons why other methods are not appropriate The primary interest of this study is to identify the underlying neural mechanisms that support the long-lasting integration of new and sometimes incorrect information about personal events in memory as a function of social influence. Although the study takes advantage of measures of accuracy and error rates, the primary interest is not in measuring overt behavior, so behavioral methods (i.e., reaction times), are not appropriate. Behavioral studies have in fact been unable to distinguish between the different cognitive processes (i.e., normative influences, informational influences, and memory distortions) that lead to memory conformity (Edelson et al., 2011 Thorley, 2013). Similarly eye tracking is not an appropriate method either. Although measures of eye-fixation and eye-movement during the presentation of misinformation could be informative about attentional processes that lead to successful encoding, these measures cannot distinguish between different cognitive processes that support memory conformity. This study does not intend to measure neuronal activity, so methods of electrical activity, videlicet EEG and ERPs, are not appropriate. Although they could be informative about the time when integration processes happen, meas ures of electrical activity cannot tell us where these processes are supported functionally in the brain. Finally, the present study does not aim at manipulating brain activity as it focuses on understanding the automatic online processes that are associated with memory conformity, so methods of brain stimulation (i.e., TMS) are not appropriate.Reasons why fMRI is appropriate As the present study aims at understanding the cognitive mechanisms involved in the integration of post-event, social misinformation that lead to memory conformity for autobiographical memories, fMRI represents the most appropriate method. Measures of brain activity in encoding-related regions during the presence of misinformation from a social source can provide information about the cognitive processes associated with memory conformity for personal events and distinguish between social influences (i.e., normative or information) and memory distortions that lead to false autobiographical memory reports. Previ ous studies have in fact shown that activity in the hippocampal complex at encoding is predictive of whether the misinformation will produce long lasting memory change (Edelson et al., 2011 St Jacques et al., 2013). Similarly, identifying the functional architecture of the encoding processes that support the integration of social information in memory will reveal the cognitive mechanisms underlying memory updating, which make memories flexible and vulnerable to social influences (Schacter et al., 2011). Because of its non-invasiveness and better temporal resolution, fMRI is more suitable than other measures of brain activity, such as PET.ReferencesBarnier, A. J., Sutton, J., Harris, C. B., Wilson, R. A. (2008). A conceptual and empirical framework for the social distribution of cognition The case of memory. Cognitive Systems Research, 9(1-2), 33-51. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.07.002Baym, C. L., Gonsalves, B. D. (2010). Comparison of neural activity that leads to true mem ories, false memories, and forgetting An fMRI study of the misinformation effect. Cognitive, Affective Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(3), 339-48. https//doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.3.339Dudai, Y., Edelson, M. G. (2016). Personal memory Is it personal, is it memory? Memory Studies, 9(3), 275-283. https//doi.org/10.1177/1750698016645234Edelson, M., Sharot, T., Dolan, R. J., Dudai, Y. (2011). Following the Crowd Brain Substrates of Long-Term Memory Conformity. Science, 333(6038), 108-111. https//doi.org/10.1126/science.1203557Frenda, S. J., Nichols, R. M., Loftus, E. F. (2011). topical Issues and Advances in Misinformation Research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 20-23. https//doi.org/10.1177/0963721410396620Gabbert, F., Memon, A., Allan, K. (2003). Memory conformity Can eyewitnesses influence each others memories for an event? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(5), 533-543. https//doi.org/10.1002/acp.885Gabbert, F., Memon, A., Allan, K., Wright, D. B. (2004). Say it to my face Examining the effects of socially encountered misinformation. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9, 215-27. https//doi.org/10.1348/1355325041719428Gabbert, F., Memon, A., Wright, D. B. (2006). Memory conformity Disentangling the steps toward influence during a discussion. Psychonomic air Review, 13(3), 480-485. https//doi.org/10.3758/BF03193873Harris, C. B., Paterson, H. M., Kemp, R. I. (2008). Collaborative recall and collective memory what happens when we remember in concert? Memory, 16(3), 213-30. https//doi.org/10.1080/09658210701811862Hirst, W., Echterhoff, G. (2012). Remembering in conversations the social sharing and reshaping of memories. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 55-79. https//doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100340Hirst, W., Manier, D. (2008). Towards a Psychology of Collective Memory. Memory, 16(3), 183-200. https//doi.org/10.1080/09658210701811912Horry, R., Palmer, M. A., Sexton, M. L., Brewer, N. (2012). Memory conformity for confidently recognized items The power of social influence on memory reports. Journal of experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 783-786. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.010Jaeger, A., Lauris, P., Selmeczy, D., Dobbins, I. G. (2012). The costs and benefits of memory conformity. Memory Cognition, 40(1), 101-112. https//doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0130-zJohnson, M. K. (1997). Source monitoring and memory distortion. Philosophical Transactions of the majestic Society of London, 352, 1733-1745. https//doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0156Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind a 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning Memory, 12(4), 361-366. https//doi.org/10.1101/lm.94705Loftus, E. F., Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals. https//doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70059-9Meade, M. L., Roediger, H. L. (2002). Explorations in the social contagious disease of memory. Memory Cognition, 30(7), 995-1009. https//doi.org /10.3758/BF03194318Oeberst, A., Seidemann, J. (2014). Will your words become mine? underlying processes and cowitness intimacy in the memory conformity paradigm. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/ recap Canadienne de Psychologie Exprimentale, 68(2), 84-96. https//doi.org/10.1037/cep0000014Okado, Y., Stark, C. E. L. (2005). Neural activity during encoding predicts false memories created by misinformation. Learning Memory, 12(1), 3-11. https//doi.org/10.1101/lm.87605Rajaram, S., Pereira-Pasarin, L. P. (2010). Collaborative memory Cognitive research and theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(6), 649-663. https//doi.org/10.1177/1745691610388763Roediger, H. L., Meade, M. L., Bergman, E. T. (2001). Social contagion of memory. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 8(2), 365-371. https//doi.org/10.3758/BF03196174Schacter, D. L., Guerin, S. A., St. Jacques, P. L. (2011). Memory distortion an adaptive perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(10), 467-474. https//doi.org /10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.004Schacter, D. L., Loftus, E. F. (2013). Memory and law What can cognitive neuroscience contribute? Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), 119-23. https//doi.org/10.1038/nn.3294St Jacques, P. L., Olm, C., Schacter, D. L. (2013). Neural mechanisms of reactivation-induced updating that enhance and distort memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(49), 19671-8. https//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319630110Thorley, C. (2013). Memory conformity and suggestibility. Psychology, Crime Law, 19(7), 565-575. https//doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2011.648637Williamson, Paul Weber, Nathan Robertson, M.-T. (2013). The Effect of Experitise on Memory Conformity A Test of Informational Influence. Behavioral Sciences the Law, 31, 607-623. https//doi.org/10.1002/bslWright, D. B., Memon, A., Skagerberg, E. M., Gabbert, F. (2009). When eyewitnesses talk. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 174-178. https//doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-872 1.2009.01631.xWright, D. B., Self, G., Justice, C. (2000). Memory conformity exploring misinformation effects when presented by another person. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 189-202. https//doi.org/10.1348/000712600161781Zawadzka, K., Krogulska, A., Button, R., Higham, P. A., Hanczakowski, M. (2015). Memory, Metamemory, and Social Cues Between Conformity and Resistance. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 145(2), 181-199. https//doi.org/10.1037/xge0000118

Buddhism - Religion or Philosophy ? :: essays research papers

Buddhism - Religion or school of thought ?The Buddhas Words on Kindness This is what should be done Be the one who is skilled in goodness,And who knows the data track of peace allow them be able and upright,Straightforward and gentle in speech.Humble and not conceited,Contented and easily satisfied.Unburned with duties and frugal in their ways.Peaceful and calm, and quick of scent and skillful, Not proud and demanding in nature. Let them not do the slightest thing That the wise would later reprove. Wishing In gladness and in safety, whitethorn all(a) creations be at ease. Whatever live beings there whitethorn be Whether they are weak or strong, omitting no(prenominal), The great or the mighty, medium, short or small,The seen and the unseen, Those alive near and far away, Those born and to-be-born, May all beings be at ease Let none deceive an new(prenominal), Or despise any being in any state. Let none through anger or ill-will Wish harm upon another. Even as a mother protect s with her life Her child, her tho child, So with a boundless heart and soul Should one cherish all living beings Radiating kindness over the entire world Spreading upwards to the skies, And downwards to the depths Outward and unbounded, Freed from hatred and ill-will. Whether stand or walking, seated or lying down Free from drowsiness, One should sustain this recollection. This is said to be the elevated abiding. By not holding to refractory views, he pure-hearted one, having clarity of vision, Being freed from all sense desires, Is not born again into this world.Coexist with any other religionBuddhism is probably the most extensive religion of the world, as the teaching can coexist with any other religion. Other religions however, aim to be max and cannot accommodate Buddhism at the same time. The Buddhist teaching on God - in the sense of an ultimate Reality - is neither agnostic (as is sometimes claimed), nor vague, provided clear and logical. Whatever Reality may be, i t is beyond the conception of the finite intellect, as it follows that attempts at description are misleading, unprofitable, and a waste of time. For these good reasons the Buddha maintain about Reality a august silence. If there is a Causeless Cause of all Causes, an Ultimate Reality, a Boundless Light, an Eternal Noumenon empennage phenomena, it must clearly be infinite, unlimited, unlearned and without attributes. It follows that we can neither define, describe, nor usefully discuss the nature of THAT which is beyond the comprehension of our finite consciousness.Buddhism - Religion or Philosophy ? essays research papers Buddhism - Religion or Philosophy ?The Buddhas Words on Kindness This is what should be done Be the one who is skilled in goodness,And who knows the path of peaceLet them be able and upright,Straightforward and gentle in speech.Humble and not conceited,Contented and easily satisfied.Unburned with duties and frugal in their ways.Peaceful and calm, and wise a nd skillful, Not proud and demanding in nature. Let them not do the slightest thing That the wise would later reprove. Wishing In gladness and in safety, May all beings be at ease. Whatever living beings there may be Whether they are weak or strong, omitting none, The great or the mighty, medium, short or small,The seen and the unseen, Those living near and far away, Those born and to-be-born, May all beings be at ease Let none deceive another, Or despise any being in any state. Let none through anger or ill-will Wish harm upon another. Even as a mother protects with her life Her child, her only child, So with a boundless heart Should one cherish all living beings Radiating kindness over the entire world Spreading upwards to the skies, And downwards to the depths Outward and unbounded, Freed from hatred and ill-will. Whether standing or walking, seated or lying down Free from drowsiness, One should sustain this recollection. This is said to be the sublime abiding. By not holding to fixed views, he pure-hearted one, having clarity of vision, Being freed from all sense desires, Is not born again into this world.Coexist with any other religionBuddhism is probably the most tolerant religion of the world, as the teaching can coexist with any other religion. Other religions however, aim to be exclusive and cannot accommodate Buddhism at the same time. The Buddhist teaching on God - in the sense of an ultimate Reality - is neither agnostic (as is sometimes claimed), nor vague, but clear and logical. Whatever Reality may be, it is beyond the conception of the finite intellect, as it follows that attempts at description are misleading, unprofitable, and a waste of time. For these good reasons the Buddha maintained about Reality a noble silence. If there is a Causeless Cause of all Causes, an Ultimate Reality, a Boundless Light, an Eternal Noumenon behind phenomena, it must clearly be infinite, unlimited, unconditioned and without attributes. It follows that we can neit her define, describe, nor usefully discuss the nature of THAT which is beyond the comprehension of our finite consciousness.

Alternative Methods of Pain Relief :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Oww &%$%Pathways of Pain and Alternative Methods of Pain Relief Have you ever wondered why when you stub your toe on the chair in the living room, it helps tremendously to yell out an expletive or both and vigorously eat away the area? I may not be able to discuss the basis for such language in this paper, still we will explore the moderating response to rubbing that toe, in addition to the mechanism of pain and alternative treatments such as acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.In the two previous papers for this class I have chosen to focus upon the inherent power of the brain in relation to healing. Studies of the placebo effect and psychoneuroimmunology have helped us gain insight into the nervous systems relationship with the immune system, the endocrine system, and others. Alternative therapies such as hypnosis, relaxation/ meditation, and humor have been discussed in association with this relationship. I feel that my exploration of the brain and alt ernative healing would not be complete without an investigation of the processing of pain and the role of acupuncture and touch in pain relief.What exactly is pain? According to Websters dictionary, pain is forcible suffering typically from injury or illness a distressing sensation in a part of the dead body severe mental or emotional distress. Most everyone reading this paper has experienced some form of physical pain at some point during their lives most everyone has even experienced the common daily pains such as stubbing our toe as we paseo through the living room, accidentally biting our tongue as we chew, and having the afternoon headache after a long day of work. No matter the feature that it is unpleasant, pain has a very important role in telling the body that something is not right and leading to behavior that will remove the body from a source of potential injury. Imagine if we could not experience pain. We would not be able to change our behavior in any way when spec k the burning hot dish in the oven, resulting in potentially serious burns. We could not recognize that perhaps we twisted an ankle when walking down the stairs, and then continued walking on that foot would exacerbate the injury to the point of not being able to walk at all. Indeed, pain is not pleasant, but in many cases it is an important way for our nervous system to learn from and react to the environment.