Operant Conditioning

Personality Development & Operant Conditioning Theories of Personality II Ana Iqbal Mirajkar Learning can be defined as any process that leads to a relatively permanent and potential change in behaviour. The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behavioural theories are all based upon the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning. It is highly objective and focuses on the notion that only observable behaviour should be studied. Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Edward, Thorndike, John B. Watson and Clark Hull are major thinkers of this school of thought. B. F. Skinner, a pioneer in behaviorism, invented a mechanical device for automatically recording fine differences in the rate of response. He was one of the pioneers of automation in behavioral research: responses could be detected, recorded and followed up with reinforcements, all by automatic apparatus. Opera nt conditioning is a concept also developed by B. F. Skinner, who said â€Å"Psychology is about behavior, not about the mind, and not about the nervous system.It deals only with variables that can be directly observed. † He emphasized on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior and came up with the schedules of reinforcement. Plus, rather than focusing on things that occur before a response he focused on the idea that the events following a response had a great influence on its subsequent rate of occurrence. Operant conditioning can be defined as that if a response (the operant, which is an active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences) is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the response strength is increased.For instance, every time a child studies well he is rewarded with gifts, according to Skinner, this rewarded response (studying) will be strengthened and increased. B. F Skinner demonstrated that humans and animals alike tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences and they tend to not repeat those responses that are followed by neutral or unfavorable consequences. Overall, favorable, neutral or unfavorable consequences involve reinforcement, extinction and punishment respectively. The classic study ofOperant Conditioning by B. F. Skinner involved a cat who was placed in a box with only one way out; a specific area of the box had to be pressed in order for the door to open usually a lever, this was the desired correct response. Outside the box was a fish for the cat, which was another reinforcing stimulus beside its freedom. The cat initially is very comfortable and tries to get out of the box because freedom is reinforcing. In its attempt to escape, the area of the box (lever) is triggered and the door opens.Once placed in the box again, the cat will try to remember what it did to escape the previous time and will again find what it did right the first time that lead to its escape. The more the cat is placed back in the box, the quicker it will press that lever and stop all the incorrect/unrewarded responses. Thus it has learned, through natural consequences, how to gain the reinforcing freedom and fish. 1 Moreover, Skinner also stated that this learning had to occur very slowly and gradually.Extinction occurs when the connection between the stimulus and response has died or become extinct, that is presenting the stimulus no longer brings about the same response. People learn this way every day in our lives. For instance a person makes a mistake on a test paper, this mistake is something that he/she will most likely not forget as it cost them their grade. The next time the same question appears in the exam that person will do things differently remembering their mistake. In this sense, the person has learned to act differently based on the natural consequences of previous actions.The same holds true for positive actions. If something one does re sults in a positive outcome, one is likely to do that same activity again. Positive reinforcement occurs when a positive stimulus is added in the environment, such as giving candy to a child for good behaviour this is usually used to introduce new behaviours in humans and animals. Whereas, negative reinforcement is said to occur when a negative stimulus is removed from the environment. It must be noted though, that negative reinforcement is not to be confused with punishment.Negative reinforcement has similar usage like that of positive reinforcement, which is it is used to strengthen behaviour by following it with the removal or omission of an unpleasant stimulus. There are two types of negative reinforcement, escape and omission. In escape, performing a particular behavior leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. For example, if a person with a headache tries a new pain reliever and the headache quickly disappears, this person will probably use the medication again the next time a headache occurs.In avoidance, people perform a behavior to avoid unpleasant consequences. For example, citizens may pay their taxes to avoid fines and penalties. While, punishment both negative and positive, is usually involved in trying to eliminate some particular behaviour from an organism’s routine. This is of two types; positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishment is when a positive stimulus is removed from the environment, for instance a mother takes away her child’s toy because she was banging it loudly.In negative punishment a threatening or unpleasant stimulus is added to the environment. For example grounding a child for a day inside the house would be particularly unpleasant for him. All in all, both reinforcements and punishments are essential tools used by behaviorists in shaping behavior and developing personalities. 2 As in this example, every time Ellen has a temper tantrum and reinforcement occurs, her behaviour is strengthe ned and operant conditioning occurs.While every time Ellen cries and is punished (negative punishment) for it her behaviour is weakened. is one in which reinforcement is made available to the subject only some of the time, according to certain rules; these rules define the schedule. Different schedules give rise to characteristically different patterns of operant behavior. B. F. Skinner believed that human behavior and lives are products of social learning in culture, shaping and Operant Conditioning. There are two types of reinforcement schedule continuous and partial.In continuous reinforcement, the desired behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs. Generally, this schedule is best used during the initial stages of learning in order to create a strong association between the behavior and the response. Once the response if firmly attached, reinforcement is usually switched to a partial reinforcement schedule. In partial reinforcement, the response is reinforced only part o f the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction. There are four schedules of partial reinforcement: Fixed-ratio schedules are those where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. This schedule produces a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer. Variable-ratio schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Gambling, lottery games and the job of a salesman are examples of reward based on a variable ratio schedule.Fixed-interval schedules are those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval, but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. The monthly salaries or pocket money peo ple receive are examples of fixed intervals. Variable-interval schedules occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response. Examples include social media notifications and fishing. 4

Effectiveness Male Mental Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

This survey attempts to carry on a qualitative analysis of the efficiency of mental wellness attention places in the UK. The survey will be based on semi structured interviews of some occupants in one such establishment in Manchester Suburbs, aged between 10 and 18. A elaborate literature reappraisal will besides be carried out on the subject. The survey aims at pin indicating major jobs which immature occupants of mental wellness places are confronting. It besides aims at foregrounding the hinderances faced by immature males while life in a residential place with mention to what they have already gone through. It is hoped that this survey will come in utile for such installations to better their services in the hereafter. It is the responsibility of mental wellness attention places to measure and measure their patient services from clip to clip and to inform the governments about them so that some action might be taken for betterment. Mental wellness attention residences in UK have a batch of restrictions. These include deficiency of good trained staff, a general deficiency of empathy among the staff, deficiency of proper resources to provide the particular demands of its occupants and deficiency of proper communicating with the occupants. These jobs are even more enhanced when it comes to male patients. Males normally do n't reach societal support systems such as residential mental wellness attention plans unless and until they feel that now their state of affairs is out of their control. This magnifies the jobs because males in such establishments are normally less than females, but are more chronic. Since this is a qualitative survey, it will use qualitative methods of informations aggregation. Best method for such a survey is that of semi structured interviews, because such a agenda provides an chance to the interviewer to obtain maximal information of diverse nature out of the topic. In the Information bulletin ( 2007 ) of Centre for wellness service development, the Author provinces: ‘Semi-structured interviews focal point on a list of cardinal subjects or inquiries that the interviewer wants the respondent to turn to ‘ . This is a really suited method of informations aggregation for this research since it attempts at researching the subject. The research worker is non looking for any specific replies ; instead an effort is being made to happen out whatever at that place is to cognize about the effectivity of mental wellness attention residential institutes for males, and to hold an penetration of service user position. Literature Reappraisal: Mental wellness jobs can impact the whole life of persons. Many surveies have been conducted in the yesteryear, look intoing different issues related to mental wellness. Following is a reappraisal of some such surveies:Franz and Barker ( 2009 ) conducted a survey to place different Barriers to Care for Primary Care Physicians Treating Patients with Alzheimer Disease. They concluded that the chief jobs were entree to and communicating with mental wellness specializers, hapless reimbursement policies, and uneven geographic distribution of good trained staff in such installations.Harmonizing to the World Health Organization:‘Gender prejudice occurs in the intervention of psychological upsets. Doctors are more likely to name depression in adult females compared with work forces, even when they have similar tonss on standardised steps of depression or present with indistinguishable symptoms. Gender differences besides exist in forms of aid seeking for psychological upset. Womans are more likely to seek aid from and unwrap mental wellness jobs to their primary wellness attention doctor while work forces are more likely to seek specializer mental wellness attention and are the chief users of inpatient attention ‘ .There is considerable sum of prejudice against people with mental wellness jobs among the wellness service suppliers. As cited in the ‘Science daily ‘ , Dr Alex Mitchell and his squad conducted a survey in 2009 to look into hinderances in entree to proper mental wellness attention services. They found out:‘Despite similar or really more frequent medical contacts, there are frequently disparities in the physical health care delivered to those with psychiatric unwellness with frankly poorer attention offered to ( or accepted by ) those with preexistent mental wellness jobs. ‘Patients are besides a spot colored about mental wellness issues. They normally avoid seeing a mental wellness professional. Many of them address their mental wellness jobs to their doctors instead than some mental wellness specializer. Vivian Kovess and co-workers conducted a survey in 2007 to look into the motivation factors in seeking professional aid for mental wellness issues. They found out that: ‘More than half of the sample would see their general practician foremost and frequently would go on with the general practician for followup. Mental wellness professionals were mentioned far less than general Practitioners ‘ . They besides found out that factors like age, instruction and societal support besides affect the seeking of professional mental wellness services.they concluded: ‘General Practitioners are frequently the point of entry into the mental wellness attention system and demand to be supported. Public information runs about mental wellness attention options and interventions are needed to educate the populace, extinguish the stigma of mental unwellness and extinguish biass ‘ . Due to gender functions assigned by society, among patients with mental wellness jobs, adult females are more likely to describe as compared to work forces. In 2009 a research was conducted by Bader and Sinha. Their survey was manifold and was conducted on an Iraqi sample. One of their many findings were: ‘Interviewees describing supplanting as a cause for necessitating mental wellness services were twice every bit likely to be female ‘ . HARP conducted a DH funded survey in 2003. Its intent was to place Bridges and Barriers into mental wellness of refuge searchers. They concluded: ‘The bulk of the male participants in the community audiences felt that work forces in their state of beginning faced specific force per unit areas that did non ease the self-acknowledgement of emotional or mental wellness jobs and that early socialisation in most civilizations did non promote work forces to speak about their jobs ‘ . A survey ( as cited in Dr Anderson Stanciole ‘s article ) on ‘Quality of and entree to wellness attention services ‘ was conducted by HEALTH QUEST under the European Commission. This was aimed at analysing the barriers of entree to mainstream wellness attention services for people at hazard of societal exclusion. Eight states were studied in deepness. They found out that there was a really complex state of affairs in supplying wellness attention installations to migrators. One issue was of multicultural scene. The migrators had communicating issues. They could n't understand instructions or state their jobs decently. Second job was that the professionals had no information of their medical history and besides no manner to achieve it. So, along with prejudice, cultural issues like linguistic communication and brought up manner besides pose a barrier in supplying wellness attention services. Sometimes the mental wellness supplying installations have so complicated processs of admittance, that the aid searcher is discouraged automatically. â€Å" A cardinal challenge some groups of refuge searchers face is right set abouting the procedure of using for protection † . ( Guylim Croucher 2007 ) A survey by Gordon Paul, conducted in 1988, cited in Neal & A ; Davison ( Ninth edition ) suggests that even in the best residential mental wellness attention places, the Patients do non hold optimum contact with healers or psychologist. The clinical staff spends what is even less than one 4th of their entire on the job hours with the patients. Discussion: Service provided to immature males in mental wellness attention establishments in UK is non every bit good as it is expected to be. â€Å" We have seen many instances where the proviso of wellness attention to refuge searchers has fallen significantly short of what would be accepted as a minimal criterion of attention under international human rights criterion † ( Joint Committee on human rights: grounds. P.173 ) Mental wellness is a really huge term and residential mental wellness attention professionals need to concentrate on all the facets of mental wellness. For case, some of the males who were interviewed during the survey pointed out that they had trouble in making the mental wellness attention professionals. Residents in such institutes require proper counsel and reding. They will non profit from the installation if a professional is non available for them most of the clip. Some patients who are non native have besides pointed out linguistic communication issues. The residence should engage proper professionals and perchance an translator for such patients. Bias among the staff was besides reported in some of the semi structured interviews. If the professional mental wellness staff will be biased against people holding mental wellness issues, so there is small opportunity for a life clip improvement of patients. Such immature males are already subjected to a batch of prejudice and unfavorable judgment that can hold a permanent consequence on their lives. They deserve a bias free environment at least inside the installation. One good thing about the mental wellness attention institute is that the professionals over there arrange meetings with the patient ‘s relations and attention takers from clip to clip to educate them about mental wellness issues that their beloved 1s are confronting. Decision: In visible radiation of literature reappraisal and above treatment, it can be concluded that despite supplying mental wellness attention and installations to immature males, mental wellness attention residential places need to be improved. Hiring of professional, un-biased staff is required. Handiness of and entree to good trained psychologists and clinical psychologists is a must. Young males are more unfastened to therapy as compared to medicine, so counseling Sessionss should be encouraged. Some residential mental wellness attention centres do non carry through the demands of the patients. They should increase their support to run into the basic demands of the occupants. On the whole it can be said that these institutes have both, virtues and demerits. Some issues like colored attitude, handiness of professionals, adequate psychotherapeutics Sessionss and physical demands in such installations need to be addressed. Mentions: Anderson E. Stanciole, Manfred Huber ; 2009. Access to wellness attention for migrators. Policy Brief. ( Internet ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.euro.centre.org/data/1254748286_82982.pdf. ( Accessed: 20 may 2009 ) Bader F, A Sinha R ; 2009. Psycho-Social wellness in displaced Iraqis ‘ . Pubmed. ( online ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19806555. ( Accessed: 20 may 2010 ) Croucher, G. 2007. The challenge of assisting refuge searchers. ASPA Conference. ( Internet ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //docs.google.com/viewer? a=v & A ; q=cache: tdsC0kpPXDAJ: arts.monash.edu.au/psi/news-and-events/apsa/refereed-papers/au-nz-politics/croucher. ( Accessed: 20 May 2010 )Fraz, C.E & A ; Barker, J.C 2009. When aid becomes a hinderence. American Journal of Geriatic Psychology. ( online ) .Abstract from Geriatic Psychiatry Database. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/ajgponline/Abstract/publishahead/When_Help_Becomes_a_Hindrance__Mental_Health.99920.aspx. ( Accessed 20 may 2010 )Gender disparities and mental wellness: The Facts. World Health Organization. ( online ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/ ( Accessed: 20 May 2010 )HARP, 2003. DH. ( Internet ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.networks.nhs.uk/uploads/06/03/refugeeconf/lane.ppt ( Accessed 20 May 2010 ) . Joint Comitee on Human Rights.Provision of wellness attention 10th study of session 2006-2007. ( Internet ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.pk/books? id=p_m-YfqqPmsC & A ; pg=PA173 & A ; dq=problems+faced+by+mental+health+care+seekers & A ; hl=en & A ; ei=2KD1S5ycGMufrAeNgIX3Cg & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=1 & A ; ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA # v=onepage & A ; q=problems % 20faced % 20by % 20mental % 20health % 20care % 20seekers & A ; f=fals ( Accessed: 20 may 2010 )Mitchell, A 2009. ‘People With Mental Health Problems Receive Inadequate Medical Care ‘ . Science Daily. ( cyberspace ) .June 4, 2009. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090602083721.htm( Accessed: 20 May 2010 ) Neal & A ; Davison 1997. Abnormal Psychology. ( Ninth Edition ) . Available at: www.wiley.com/college/davison ( Accessed: 21 may 2010 ) Taylor & A ; James 1977. Secret of life album. ( Internet ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //mentalhealth.about.com/cs/stressmanagement/a/whatismental.htm ( Accessed 21 May 2010 ) Viviane, K & A ; Delphine, S 2007. Motivating Factors for Mental Health. BMC Public Health. ( Online ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/563591. ( Accessed: 20 May 2010 ) Qualitative research methods. Information Bulletin, CHSD. ( Online ) .Vol I. available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm? harvard_id=34 # 34 ( Accessed 20 May 2010 ) .

Markrting plan coca cola Essay

The Coca-Cola Company is a global business enterprise and one of two main soft drink sellers. Study of this report helps the reader to know that how Coca2 Cola has achieved its current market position. This report enlightens those factors that company has adopted during its long journey of 52 years in Pakistan. This report includes the introduction, micro and macro environment factors affecting coke. The reader of this report can expect that after having complete study he/she can certainly have a broader view the marketing environment of Coca-Cola that who are the competitors what are the company’s internal factors & customers, its external factors like economic, natural & technological are affecting Coca-Cola Company. 1. Introduction The Coca-Cola Company began operating in Pakistan in 1953. Coke, Fanta Sprite & Kinley are the brands with whom Coca-Cola is operating in Pakistan. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan operates through eight bottlers, four of which are majority-owned by Coca-Cola Beverages Pakistan Limited (CCBPL). The CCBPL plants are in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Lahore. The remaining two plants, independently owned, are in Rawalpindi and Peshawar. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan serves 70,000 customers/retail outlets. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan employs 1,800 people working constantly for the company. During the last two years, The Coca-Cola Company in Pakistan has invested over $130 million (U.S) and coke has successfully provided 51 years of dedicated service to its customers in Pakistan. Since the beginning of Coke Company the firm has been continuously changing its slogans (Appendix.1) and that’s a very creative idea to get the attention of the customers. 1.1 Mission, Vision & Values of Coca Cola (Reference 1) The world is changing all around us. To continue to thrive as a business over the next ten years and beyond, we must look ahead, understand the trends and forces that will shape our business in the future and move swiftly to prepare for what’s to come. We must get ready for tomorrow today. That’s what our 2020 Vision is all about. It creates a long-term destination for our business and provides us with a â€Å"Roadmap† for winning together with our bottling partners. Our Mission Our Roadmap starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions. 3 †¢ †¢ To refresh the world†¦ To inspire moments of optimism and happiness†¦ †¢ To create value and make a difference. Our Vision Our vision serves as the framework for our Roadmap and guides every aspect of our business by describing what we need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people’s desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. †¢ Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. Our Winning Culture Our Winning Culture defines the attitudes and behaviors that will be required of us to make our 2020 Vision a reality. Live Our Values Our values serve as a compass for our actions and describe how we behave in the world. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Leadership: The courage to shape a better future Collaboration: Leverage collective genius Integrity: Be real Accountability: If it is to be, it’s up to me Passion: Committed in heart and mind Diversity: As inclusive as our brands Quality: What we do, we do well Focus on the Market †¢ †¢ †¢ Focus on needs of our consumers, customers and franchise partners Get out into the market and listen, observe and learn Possess a world view 4 †¢ Focus on execution in the marketplace every day †¢ Be insatiably curious Work Smart †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Act with urgency Remain responsive to change Have the courage to change course when needed Remain constructively discontent Work efficiently Act Like Owners †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Be accountable for our actions and inactions Steward system assets and focus on building value Reward our people for taking risks and finding better ways to solve problems Learn from our outcomes — what worked and what didn’t Be the Brand †¢ †¢ Inspire creativity, passion, optimism and fun 1.2 Objectives Of Coca-Cola The company has sales based objective .Every thing else (marketing plan, advertising plan, production etc.) is derived from this objective. Currently the company‘s objective is to â€Å"Increase the volume of sales up to the maximum level as much as possible during the current fiscal year.† The company sets its objective keeping in view the past performance, Historical trends, current market position, economic condition, macro environment and micro environment factors, social values, market size and growth rate ,future expectations and predictions. Chapter# 1 Marketing Environments 5 The forces outside marketing that affect marketing management ability to develop and maintain successful relationships with its target customers. There are two types of marketing environments that may affect any company’s operation, Microenvironment and the Macro environment. The Coca-Cola Company also has its Marketing Environments which affect on its business. Chapter# 2 Micro environment factors affecting Coca Cola Micro Environments are the internal environments of any company like company itself, marketing intermediaries, suppliers, customers, competitors & Public following are the major micro environmental factors which are affecting Coca-Cola. I. The Company Muhtar Kent Chairman of Board & Chief Executive Officer Joseph V. Tripodi Chief Marketing & Commercial Officer (EVP) Coca-Cola Operates in more than 200 countries and a market portfolio of 3000 beverage products including Carbonated Drinks, Sparkling Drinks and still beverages like mineral water, juices, coffee & Energy Drinks (Appendix. 2). Head quarters in Atlanta, Georgia Coca-Cola have more than 92400 associates across six operating groups Eurasia, Latin America, North America, Pacific & bottling Investment as Corporate. (Reference 2) In Pakistan Coca-Cola working under the Eurasia group Coca-Cola business Strategy is based on local marketing they establish there plant in the country where they want to do business instead of exporting. In Pakistan they have there production plants in. Karachi, Lahore, Hyderabad, Rhim yar Khan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Gujranwala & Peshawer. There marketing Department working close with other departments like purchase, accounts, distribution etc to achieve there goal. Following is the organizational Departments of Coca-Cola. (Reference 3) a. MARKETING DEPARTMENT The Coca Cola marketing department develops core strategies for company brands to ensure that all communication is consistent in every market. With this cohesive effort, the Coca-Cola system maximizes its resources for market leadership and profitable 6 growth. The marketing departments are responsible for marketing the products and advertising the products and promoting the products. If all these departments perform their duty firmly then the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company will meets. b. FINANCE DEPARTMENT The finance department of the Coca Cola Company is responsible for financial record keeping. This involves keeping records of money received and paid out. The financial records will be used to produce the annual reports for the shareholders so that they can see the company performance. The Finance department is also responsible for the management accounts of the business like marketing etc. The Coca-Cola Company finance department is also responsible for making budget of the company and for each department like marketing department or research and development department. They will also be involved in the planning process like taking over or any major decision. c. PACKAGING DEPARTMENT The packaging department of Coca-Cola Company is responsible for the packaging of the products. They have to make the packaging attractive so that that product meets the eyes of the consumers. Bringing new products package is their responsibility. It works with the companies bottling partners to produce an attractive combination. d. SALES DEPARTMENT The sales department of the Coca Cola Company is to coordinate the selling program. They also have to make the distribution methods, etc. Also, decide how much to sell and how much to store in the warehouse and to choose the transporting method which is the most cost efficient and the quickest way. e. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT This department has their budget given by the finance department and their responsibility is to investigate new products. They work closely with marketing by looking at marketing research findings. They have to bring new products in the market for the change because the consumer cannot stick with the same old products. If necessary then they also have to improve the quality of the products. The Coca-Cola Company research department has done a lot of research and recently they have launched many new products like Diet coke with lemon, Fanta Tropical, Minute maids, Fanta raspberry, Fanta blue berry etc. f. ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT This department is essential for keeping the business going. They act as a help support of the company, it is not the central purpose the business but every business organization would need this department. Most businesses rely on administration to be organized. They deal with enquiries, give messages produce documents and give 7 information to any customer. The complaints that this department will get would be transferred to the research and development department to make the product better or fix the problem that the consumer is having. These departments are the most important department of The Coca-Cola Company because they helps the company to meets the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company i.e. surviving, customer satisfaction and make more profits. As I said that the help desk department satisfies the customer by providing the information they needs and taking the complaints and passing to the research and development departments who improves the products. II. Marketing Intermediaries Marketing intermediaries help the company to promote, sell and distribute its goods to the end users. Intermediaries include resellers, distribution firms and marketing agencies. When we talk about coke, Coke Company in Pakistan as well as abroad have recognized the importance of working with their intermediaries. For example recently Coke signed ten years deal with US based company Wendy that it will provide coke to all the fast food chains located in US. Wendy in this case is a big example of intermediary for coke. In Pakistan other than various resellers, McDonald is one big party that is reseller of coke and also Subway is a big reseller of coke. Similarly there are thousands of private agencies (intermediaries) that are working for coke to distribute the product to the shopkeepers and retailers all over the country. Currently there are 46 distributors working in Lahore. Coke Company uses two techniques for distribution, direct distribution and indirect distribution. In direct distribution company uses no agencies or middlemen to distribute the soft drinks but company has its own system of distribution that includes Company’s trucks and labor as well. The other way is indirect distribution in which company opts for various distributors that take the product from factory to the retailers and resellers. III. Suppliers Suppliers always play an important role in any company’s operation. Suppliers provide resources and raw material that company requires to produce the goods and services. Coke company suppliers in Pakistan vary with respect to the raw material they provide. Following is a brief list of different suppliers of coke. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Baluchistan Glass Limited provides glass bottles of all sizes that are used in bottling. (Reference. 4) ShangHai Plato chemical co. Ltd provides pet bottles with the labels. Labels are designed by the Packages Ltd. (Reference. 5) Saharan Mills Limited provides the quality sugar in hygienic packets. Vanillin Intercool Pakistan provides the machinery such as visicoolers and chest coolers for the chilled coco-cola. 8 †¢ Dynamic Equipment and Controls (PVT) Limited provides industrial refrigeration solutions, dispensing equipments, complete bottle line and capping machines. (Reference. 6) IV. Customers Recent survey shows that coke is the only product in the world with which more than 85% of the population is well aware of. All the companies have to keep updated study of their customers and in case of coke the company has always maintained excellent customer retention. Value of customers for coke can be understood by these factors that coke spends lot of efforts (financial and human resource) on customer research. For example, Coke knows through market survey that we put 3.2 ice cubes in a glass and one million of US population drinks coke with breakfast every day. This is how coke has been favorite drink of customers for centuries. Coke customers vary massively in terms of age. From kids to youngsters, from youngsters to elders and from elders to older, coke has always captured high customer attention from decades. We can divide coke customers in different categories. a. Consumer Market: This is the group of consumer from where coke purchases are at the highest level because consumer market includes individuals and households. Households mostly buy coke for daily use in large number and purchasing by individuals is also the case of repeat purchase. Healthy consumer market is a big advantage for the company. b. Reseller Market Reseller market of coke is very large all over the world. This is the market, which buy the product from company and resell it at profit. In Pakistan McDonald is the biggest example of reseller of coke. McDonald purchases coke from the company and sell it with each fast food deal served at restaurant. The survey shows that each branch of McDonald located in Lahore & Karachi sells approximately 500-700 liters of coke daily to its customers. Subway is also has contract with Coca-Cola to serve coke with its every salad & sandwich. c. International Market International market consists of those buyers who are in other countries. Coke is worldwide known product and every country where coke is been sold has a manufacturing unit of its own. Similar is the case in Pakistan. Coke manufacturing plants are in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rahimyar Khan, 9 Multan and Lahore and these plants are producing the drink for the local use. So in Pakistan there are no international buyers of coke. v. Competitors All over world there are two soft drink giants, Coke and Pepsi. The competition between two companies has always been neck to neck. Both these companies keep on try to take lead in terms of pricing, packaging, promoting and placing. Pepsi is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with revenues of about $27 billion and over 143,000 employees. Pepsi brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories. As we compare the products of these two competitors we come to know that Coke has two flavors in Pakistan that is coke plain and coke diet where as similar is the case with Pepsi as only these two flavors are available of Pepsi as well. So in this perspective both parties have equal strength. However competition is at its peak in terms of pricing. So many times we see that as soon as Pepsi lower downs the price of 1 liter pet bottle or disposable drink, Coke adjusts its price right away so that they may not loose their customers. Although both these brands have sufficient amount of buyers all over the world but still both the companies strive to achieve the market leader position. Coke even after 99 successful years in US still trying best to be more innovative. Coke manufacturers spent two years and 4 Million $ on research before settling on a new formula and finally came up with â€Å"sweeter new coke† and later on with â€Å"cherry coke†. Companies make all these efforts to give more customer value and satisfaction than its competitors. In Pakistan recently a few other beverages are also introduced such as Mecca-Cola and Amrat-Cola but currently these soft drinks are not a threat for coke due to their very low market share and secondly due to brand loyalty of customers for coke. Competition Worldwide Competition in Pakistan 10 ., 10% 60% ., 36% Coca-cola Coca-Cola Pepsi 30% 10% Pepsi Other Others 54% vi. Public Every country has different type of public which effect any business in the country most effective public for Coca-Cola is media public. Media plays a vital role in Coca-Cola in Pakistan. Media Public The field of advertisement is one area where Coca-Cola has always emphasized. In year 2000 Coca-Cola unveiled the biggest advertising billboards in the history of Pakistan. Each unveiling was marked by entertainment and light shows watched by thousands of people. Similarly in July 2000 Coca-Cola launched its first under the crown promotion by the name of Dream Vacations in which the consumers could collect caps of promotional bottles of Coca-Cola like Sprite, Fanta and Coke. Internal Public Our company is built around two core assets, its brands and its people. That’s what makes working here so special. We believe that work is more than a place you go every day. It should be a place of exploration, creativity, professional growth and interpersonal relationships. It’s about being inspired and motivated to achieve extraordinary things. We want our people to take pride in their work and in building brands others love. After all, it’s the combined talents, skills, knowledge, experience and passion of our people that make us who we are. Our 92,800 associates around the world live and work in the markets we serve — more than 87 percent of them outside the U.S. In this geographically diverse environment, we learn from each market and share those learn quickly. As a result, our Company culture is ever more collaborative. From beverage concept and development to merchandising, our associates are sharing ideas across departments and markets in new ways. Consequently, our associates are increasingly enthusiastic about their work and inspired to turn plans into action. (Reference 7) 11 Macro environment factors affecting Coca Cola 1. Demographics Coca cola knows its people very well. It offers different flavors & packaging according to its customer’s taste. It offers following sizes & every size is targeting different slots of customers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. SSRB (Standard size returnable bottle) LRB (Large size returnable bottle) NRD (Non-returnable/ Disposable bottle) PET (Plastic Bottle 500 ml) PET (Plastic Bottle 1.5 liter) CANS (tin pack 330 ml) It targets its different sizes according to customers of different age groups & occupations. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ SSRB is generally targeted to young children & people going to schools & universities. It is also targeted to the people of lower class. LRB & PET 1.5 liters is usually consumed by households &I s one of its economy packs. Disposable bottles are for the â€Å"on the go† people. As they don’t have the time to stand at a spot & drink the whole beverage. PET 500ml was introduced, on the basis of the analysis, which shows that people nowadays are in a trend to drink two 250ml coke bottles together. As Coca Cola is a company who knows its consumers very well, they introduced the 500ml Pet bottle. Business executives always expect something different for them form an organization, so Coke CANS were the answer to their expectation from coke. Different flavors always attract different types of people. They are for the people who always want to try something new. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Classic coke is the one suitable product who don’t want a change in their life or who don’t want to try something new. Keeping the people in view who are fitness oriented, health conscious & diabetic patients Diet Coke is the solution for all their beverage problems. Vanilla Coke was introduced for the people who want a more sweetened beverage & who are looking for vanilla in everything they have. Cherry & Lime Coke is targeted to the people who want something citrus. Coca Cola launches its product after they study their customers in deep detail & conclude that what their customers really wants from them. Consumers always welcome Coca Cola’s product, as they know that Coca Cola is the one who knows them the best. 12 2. Economic factors Economic factors do affect a company in negative & positive manner. Coke is not an exception here, it is affected if there is inflation in the country & as a result coke increases its prices. Pepsi is always waiting to take a competitive edge. The increased price is a high negative effect on coke. Coke has employed 1800 workers in the last two years & huge amount of revenues have been collected from Pakistan. The economy worldwide was disturbed by the incident of September 11th,2001. The disposable income of the people of Pakistan is increasing day by day & coke that was thought as a luxury good is now becoming a necessity. 3. Social factors Coke, a customer oriented company, always take steps for the welfare of its consumers. The recyclable products used in manufacturing coke helps save people’s environment. Coke is also helping the needy & knowledge seeking people with fewer resources by providing them books, scholarships & opportunities to work. Coke has launched a program in Gujranwala & Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan where it provides basic education to children (Reference. 8). Coke has also launched programs to increase awareness about the conservation of water & natural resources, climate changes, waste environment education & recyclable products. The Coca-Cola Export Corporation (TCCEC) has set-up an endowment fund at Pakistan’s premier university, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). The fund, donated by The Coca-Cola Foundation, will be used for funding entire education of 02 students for 4 years of Bachelors program at LUMS’s School of Science & Engineering. These students belong to underprivileged areas of Pakistan but their educational record is extremely impressive and they are called Coca-Cola Scholars.In 2005, TCCEC started ‘Adopt-a-School’ program, under which we adopted 05 government schools and supported them by building classrooms, parks, providing free books, furniture etc. Also, TCCEC has long supported CARE Foundation for providing free education to underprivileged children of Punjab province. (Reference. 9) 4. Technological factors Technology in any field is effecting the development of that industry at a high rate. Beverage industry is also affected by the technological factors but in a positive manner. The new methods of filling the bottles, the refrigeration methods, the disposable bottles, the PET bottles all made so many changes to the Coke which is one of the giants in the beverage industry. Coke is adopting all the new technologies available. Coke is being supplied with the refrigerators, visichest coolers & many more for keeping the bottles chilled, as they claim in the subcontinent â€Å"thanda matlab Coca Cola†. Coca Cola Company got the technology of dispensers so they give Coke to people that is as fresh from the fountain. Coca Cola Company has adopted the technology for the usage of 13 PET bottles, which are also environmental friendly. Coca Cola Company adopted the recycling method to keep its environment clean & also to have the soft corner in people’s heart. Coca Cola Company is producing new packaging sizes with differentiated packaging with the help of new technology everyday. 5. Cultural factors Culture of Pakistan is gourmet, music, sport & religious oriented Coca-Cola has many opportunities in any occasion in Pakistan Coca-Cola always there, like a. Coca Cola & Cricket Pepsi is one of the biggest official sponsors of cricket & is also the official drink of cricket. Coke is there, giving Pepsi a tough time. Coke has sponsored eight Pakistani cricket players. Coca Cola is targeting cricket as it is one the famous & growing all over the world. b. Coca Cola & Musical Concerts When you think of Pakistani Punjabi bhangra, Abrar-ul-Haq is the first name you think of. Coca Cola is the official sponsor of Abrar. Coke sponsors almost all of the concerts of Abrar. In most of the hoardings, billboards & TV commercials of coke, we see Abrar performing & promoting coke. Junoon is a known name all over the world. Coke targeted its customer through music celebrities & asks them to perform in their concerts & commercials. You see Junoon performing a desire of having a coke is rite in you. c. Coca Cola & Food Mela This is the century when food industry is at its boom. Coca cola organizes food melas for the people. In Karachi, coke treated thousands of people by bringing 50 bustling restaurants all together in one area. All those restaurants were offering coke as the only beverage in the food mela. d. Coca Cola & Basant Basant is one of the biggest events in Lahore. Coke was the official decorator of Lahore hired by PHA. Coke has promoted its products so much with relevance to basant that at basant whenever you want to drink something chilled, the first name you think of is Coke. It is there in the mind of the people that â€Å"Where there is Basant there is Coca Cola†. e. Coke in Ramzan & Eid Eid & Ramazan is one of the holy events of muslims. Coke earns its great revenues in the month of Ramazan & at the time of Eid. It offers new packaging or great discount offers also special offers at Eid. 14 6. Political factor Political factors usually effects company working on the international level doing imports & exports. Coke usually performs its operations in the local market. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Coke is not usually affected by government regulations & deregulations as no major changes occur in the food laws. Coke is a very environmental friendly product. From the caps till the labels on the PET bottles, everything is recyclable. Depreciation of currency generally has no major effects on Coke they really don’t do imports & exports on large scale. They try to be local market oriented, they keep at least one company owned plant in a country. Sudden changes in political conditions in a certain country doesn’t effect much on Coke, as it is a purely consumer product. Pressure groups tried to de-market Coke in Pakistan by spreading the rumors that the revenue collected from coke goes to the Jewish lobby. 7. Natural Factor Water is vital to both WWF and The Coca-Cola Company. Beverages are The Coca-Cola Company’s business, and water is the main ingredient in every product we make. Safe water also is vital to the sustainability of the communities we serve. WWF’s mission is the conservation of nature and the protection of natural resources for people and wildlife. Protecting freshwater ecosystems is a top priority in WWF’s work. Now, through a partnership announced on June 5, 2007, we are combining our international strengths and resources to support water conservation throughout the world. ATLANTA, April 20, 2007 – The Coca-Cola Company today announced that it was implementing measures to reduce energy consumption at its two million square foot world headquarters by 23 percent and reduce its water consumption by nearly 15 percent. These efforts are expected to eliminate more than 10,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year, which is the equivalent of removing 2,000 cars from the road. â€Å"By taking bold measures to conserve natural resources in our own backyard, we want to send a message to companies and individuals that combating a leading global environmental problem demands local action,† said Bryan Jacob, the Coca-Cola Company’s energy and climate protection manager. â€Å"We all have a role to play, from using energy-efficient lighting where we can, to repairing leaky faucets and watering our lawns only in the morning and the evening. Each leaky faucet in our homes or offices could be wasting 180 gallons of water per week.† (Reference 10) We have a role to play in helping the communities we rely upon. We know that to make a meaningful difference, we must focus our efforts beyond the confines of our own bottling plants. 15 Today, nearly one-sixth of the world’s population — more than 1 billion people — doesn’t have access to safe drinking water. Approximately 2.6 billion don’t have adequate sanitation. Due to the issues surrounding water, billions of people are vulnerable to disease and food insecurity. We work closely with our supply chain, local communities, governments and nongovernment organizations to replenish water to nature and communities. In fact, since 2005 we have been involved in more than 250 community water partnerships in 70 countries to support locally relevant initiatives, such as watershed protection; expanding community drinking water and sanitation access; agricultural water use efficiency; and education and awareness programs. In 2009, we asked respected experts to work with us to calculate the water benefits of these projects. (Reference 11) Chapter# 3 Conclusion In the end we learned In Pakistan as compared to Pepsi, Coca-Cola has less number of consumers as Pepsi’s market share in Pakistan is approximately 58% where as coke market share is hovering about 32% but worldwide Coca-Cola has 60% whereas Pepsi has 30%. Coca-Cola’s environmental factors are positive The Company is working with teamwork by joining its all departments its resellers are the well known & reputable restaurants of the world it using two types of medium of distribution which are cost effective suppliers of Coca-Cola are local in Pakistan so it save lots of importing cost of raw material as we discuss above that coke brand known by 85% of the world population so they have massive consumers competition of Coca-Cola is very tough in Pakistan with Pepsi. Its promoting Pakistan’s cultural Environment at its best level demographically coke fulfilling the consumer requirements in Pakistan. Coca-Cola working on natural environment to reduce co2 level in the globe & providing safe water to community. Socially Coca Cola is doing god work by providing scholarships & basic Educational program in Pakistan. Technology of Coca-Cola is very Competitive in this Modern Era. References 1 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values.html 2 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/index.html 3 Scribd (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() 16 4 http://www.balochistanglass.com/clients.htm 5 www.tradekey.com/profile†¦/ShangHai-Plato-chemical-co-Ltd.htm 6 DYNAMIC EQUIPMENT & CONTROLS (PVT) LTD. F-1/23, Canal Cottages, Block-D New Muslim Town, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan URL: http://www.dynamic-eqpt.com.pk 7 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/meet_our_people.html 8 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-12-2003_pg7_16 (Paragraph No 9) 9 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/education.html 10 http://www.thecoca-company.com/presscenter/nr_20070420_corporate_reduce_energy_consumption.html 11 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/watershed_protection.html Appendices Appendix 1 Slogans of Coca Cola in Pakistan ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ 1886 Drink Coca-Cola 1908 Get the genuine 1923 Enjoy thirst 1934 When it’s hard to get started, start with a Coca-Cola 1942 The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself 1956 The friendliest drink on earth 1963 Things go better with Coke 1993 Always. Coca-Cola 2001 Life is Good 2003 Jo Chaho Ho Jaye Coca Cola Enjoy 2004 Flight Of Delight 2005 Galay Delicious Taste 17 ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ 2006 Thanda matlab coca cola 2007 khaly pily jila coca cola 2008 Aja jashan mena ly 2009 Always Coca Cola Appendix 2 Products Coke Classic Dite Coke Limca Fanta Mazaa Sprite Sprite 3G Coke Zero Minute made Tab Energy Drink For More Product Review Visit http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/brands/index.html 18

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European influence in Africa Essay Example for Free

European influence in Africa Essay The presence of Europeans in African countries had a great influence on the cultural benefits, traditions and norms of Africans. African societies were composed of small ethnic groups bound by deep cultural and traditional benefits. Slave trade in North Africa disintegrated these cultural systems. The entry of Europeans in North Africa led to breaking of those small indigenous units into modular states that could be easily controlled by the colonial rule. They abolished the indigenous legal systems and imposed new legal systems based on European concepts of law. North Africa was integrated into the world capitalist system, where its main function was to provide raw materials and new markets for Western industrial revolution. This led to imposition of taxation forcing Africans into cheap wage labor. Land grabbing and alienation in settler colonies made it impossible for the economy of the colonized countries to grow. This is because the colonial administrations only developed areas they saw fit for their benefit and it led to growth of colonial cities such as Dakar, Lagos and Nairobi. Westernization in North Africa led to the rise of Christianity and reduced the number of Muslims in sub Sahara, which contributed to the destabilization of Africa traditions and cultural benefits. Christianity promoted the assimilation of new ideas and new lifestyles such as monogamy and nuclear family. African societies believed in polygamy and extended families. This is being practiced even to day. Christian missionaries introduced Western education, which involved mastery of European language and literacy. The adoption of new habits and tastes coupled with Christianity and western education, led to the development of a new elite that included teachers, clerks, lawyers and doctors. Slave trade degraded the value of African people because they were used against their will to benefit the European economy. This impacted negatively on African leaders because some still practice slave trade today. Europeans brought about, modernization in Africa in terms of Western education, Christianity and Western lifestyles. European influence in Asia (1650-1815). South East Asia comprised of societies that varied in different aspects. Main societies in south East Asia included China, Thailand and Cambodia, therefore European influence on South East Asia varied extensively depending on indigenous states. Societies in South East Asia had very distinct traditional beliefs and rulers who reigned with a conviction of permanency and stability. Europeans created new economic relationships in South East Asia by establishing new industries like rubber production and improvement of traditional ones such as rice and sugar industries. They were improved and expanded to meet the European needs. Communities in Cambodia protested against economical changes when agribusiness in form of plantation farming was introduced. Europeans aimed to make the traditional cultures modern. This was received positively by some south East Asians who had been trained in Western schools. They believed that Western culture would have positive effects on their cultural and economical backgrounds. The elites adopted the European language and mode of dressing. Adoption of the Western culture led to political, economical and social growth in Asia. However, it was difficult to assimilate the European culture and lifestyles in Asia because of the diversity of Asian cultural customs and traditions. Asia is composed of Muslim, Christianity and Buddhism and therefore impacting Christianity in Asia was difficult. These traditional settings emphasized on unifying of social, economic, political and social spheres, though it is impractical to unify all the spheres. The influence of Europeans in Asia was highly varied and uneven throughout the region. They used superior military technology to achieve conquest and monopoly. The Portuguese invasion of Malacca led to the decline of the trade systems as they tried to dominate the spice trade. The European therefore, caused the detachment of producers form their traditional markets. As a result the powerful trading cultures in southeastern Asia collapsed due to colonial influence. European influence was limited to the coastal ports and the adjoining regions. Peasant life in Asia was not affected by the European influence as they remained inside the confines of their village. (Alagappa 130-138). European influence in Middle East (1825-1941). Middle east societies combined religion with governance of their states. European powers overwhelmed the region and tried to separate governance from religion. They replaced the indigenous educational, social and political systems through modernization. The Kuranic schools were replaced by the Western education. Middle east is an Islamic region that viewed European powers as enemies for creating Christianity in the Muslim dominated region. This created a sense of distrust of the Europeans by the Arabs. Europeans faced great resistance form the Arabs who used national movements to adopt anti-western speeches in order to gain favor from their people.. European powers in the Middle East replaced the Muslim leaders by non-Muslim leaders to create artificial political territories since they did not arise from the societies. They created states that had conflicting ethnicities and divided other ethnic groups into two or three portions. For instance they divided the Kurds into Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. (Kaelble 120-127). Dividing ethnic communities stirred political rivalry and violence in the Middle East. It also created instability among the Arabs, preventing political, social and economical development. The Arabs formulated revenge missions to the Europeans and resisted any form of invasion whether political, economical, educational or social.

Crim 101 Notes Essay Example for Free

Crim 101 Notes Essay What is criminology? A social science studying crime and related phenomenon such as law making, criminal behavior, victimization and punishment Discipline of criminology is a recent development Most ideas and concepts we now have about crime and criminals emerged over last 2 or 3 centuries Modern criminology is multi-disciplinary (inter-disciplinary) Influenced by sociology, psychology, and biology The fascination with crime Crime is popular topic for newspapers, TV shows , books and movies There is little relationship between crime news and actual amount of crimes Media focus primarily on violent crimes, even though such crimes forms only smart part of all criminal activity Appears as though police solve more crimes and arrest more cirminals than they do in reality The appeal of crime stories and crime news Crime related stories are often dramatic and lurid Deal with moral questions of good vs evil Criminals appear in stories as insane or dangerous psychopaths Stories happen in short time span- between newscasts or newspaper editions Easy for the public to understand Felson’s 10 fallacies about crime Book 1. the dramatic Fallacy o keep ratings high, media seek strange/violent incidents to report/create dramas around murder makes up less than 1% of all crime, yet from watching TV or reading the papers, it seems like a commonplace events seems that most murders are well-planned, grisly affairs, or they happen solely by random chance in fact, most murders start as arguments that escalate into violence most crimes are relatively minor property crimes Actus Reus: a real event, in which somebody has committed or failed to commit an act b. Men Rea: criminal intent; you must have the intent to commit the act c. No legal defense or justification d. Must be contrary to a provision of criminal law Crime as normative violation pictures Mala in Se Mala in se: â€Å"something bad or evil in itself† Laws that criminalize acts most societies and cultures agree are inherently wrong, e. g. , murder and incest Mala Prohibita Mala prohibita: something that is deemed to be wrong or criminal only because it is prohibited Acts where there might be considerable disagreement from society to society re: their legality Concensus vs. conflicy * consensus| * conflict| * Society as a functional organism| * Society and social transformation rooted in social conflict| * Norms/expectations based on shared values/interests| * Society not organic or natural. But forced upon us| * Those who are different (e. g. ,criminals) are deemed to be abnormal| * Society/laws based on values and interests of those with the power|

Hostile Or Friendly Takeovers Mergers Economics Essay

Hostile Or Friendly Takeovers Mergers Economics Essay The process of mergers and acquisitions is gaining a significant importance in todays corporate world and is extensively used for reorganizing the business organizations. (Cartwright, Cooper, 1992).The phrase mergers and acquisitions refer to the characteristic features of Corporate strategy, corporate finance and management that deal with the purchasing, selling and combining of different companies that can support, fund, or give their hand to an upcoming company in a given industry and grow rapidly without having to create another firm(Gauhan, 2007). There are many reasons why MNCS go in for merging and acquisition, the most important among them are the rising market, political power, defensive reactions, economies of scope or synergies, reduction of transaction and information costs.( Gaughan,2005) The factors that generates a firm to go in for merger and acquisition are identified in the budding regulatory changes that happen internationally, regionally at national levels and in the fast pace of technological change which enhance the market opportunities of a business, technological interrelationship, communications and cross border reconstituting. The advantages of MAs are evaluated in terms of the ability to exploit the scale and scope of economies, gain the market control, economize the transaction costs, diversify risks, and to provide access to the existing know-how It is. (Cantwell, Santangelo, 2002) A multinational enterprise (MNE) considering an entry into a foreign market by foreign direct investment (FDI) has to consider two strategic decisions regarding the organizational form of its foreign operation. First what is the level of control i.e. whether it will be a full ownership or a joint venture and, secondly, the mode of foreign entry i.e. setting up a new venture via Greenfield investment or merger and acquisition (Muller, 2007). Let us analyze the circumstances which make MA activity the optimal entry mode into a new international market in the forthcoming paragraphs. In the period of global competition, firms realise that the effectual use of universal sourcing will contribute significantly to the performance of the market. With the materialization of new products and technologies, the firms began to experience a new developing cycle which is accompanied by the degree of competition in the market. Most of the development of the industries experience four processes and they are starting up, developing, maturing and the declining (Wang, 2009). With the invention of new products and technologies, the industries start experiencing a new developing cycle. In the initial stages of development due to less competition firms preferred greenfield investment as the optimal mode of entry in to the foreign market. As the industry started maturing the speed of the MAs which is one of the main factor started to be seen as the biggest advantage over the Greenfield investment or any other entry modes (Kang, 2001). One of the most fundamental motives for MAs is th e speedy growth and the growth through MAs are a quicker process and it takes only few months than the other entry modes. An example of this kind is the German automobile company Daimler-Benz which realised that it needed a bigger occurrence in the U.S automobile market, therefore it did not waste its time by building new factories in United States which would have taken years, instead it acquired the number three U.S. automobile company, Chrysler, and merged the two operations to form Daimler-Chrysler(Barba Navaretti,2006). Firms either expand within their own industry which is the internal growth or they expand outside their business category which is the external growth to increase the market share or the removal of a rival. When the firms grow internally, competitors respond quickly and take the market share and in due course of time the firms advantages dissipate. The firms are left out with only solution of acquiring other companies that have possessions. For example Johnson a nd Johnson, rather than internally trying to be on the fore front of each of the major area of innovation decided to purchase those companies who had developed successful products. This strategy simply describes that instead of suppressing its competitors by its internal growth JJ stretched out for acquisition to increase its market power and this is referred to as inorganic development (Gaughan, 2007).Companies like Nestle use acquisition as a form of external growth to improve its organic growth( Morschett, Schramm-Klein,2009) Merging so as to create synergy is most often the cited validation for an acquirer to shell out a premium to the target firm. Synergy is created by redeploying a firms assets. The acquiring firm may transfer a resource from the target firm to the acquiring firm and assets may be redeployed from the bidder to the target. Authors like Colombo, Conca, and Gnan (2007) found that a strong forecaster of acquisition performance was the extent to which the asset is redeployed from the target. For example, Renault acquired Nissan and therefore the leadership skills of CEO Ghosn were redeployed to the benefit Renault and firms like Ford and GM were unsuccessful in enticing Ghosn away from Renault (Hopkins.D, 2008) Economic motivations are an important subcategory of MA establishing the economies of scale thereby reducing the costs due to superfluous resources of two firms in the same or related industry. Thus acquiring a firm in the same or a related industry results in considerable overlap between the two firms and reduces costs. When Daimler-Benz acquired Chrysler it announced that the merger would lead to $1.3 billion of cost savings in the first year mainly through collaboration (Morck, Yeung, 1992). Diversification is another important strategy that motivates the firms going in for MA.Diversification is growing outside a companys current industry category. Firms either diversifies to extend their product, extend their market, or purely diversify. When a firm is specialized in a given technology or product base it tries to enter new market by entering in to different industries, different social group or different geographical location. An example of this type is G.E which was merely an electronic company through a pattern of acquisitions and diversification started operating in insurance, television stations, plastics, medical equipments and so on(Hitt.M,Ireland.D,2009). Often firms go in for merger and acquisitions to exploit a core competence and take an insubstantial skill, know-how, or information and purchase it by spreading its use to additional industries where it can create a competitive advantage. For example the company such as Honda by its internal combustion engines develops a core competence and tries to use it as a basis of competitive advantage in different businesses (Hopkins, 2008) (Morosini, Shane, Singh, 1998) say that the larger the distance in culture of the countries in which merger partners are based the greater the potential benefit Cultural differences can also be a source of complimentary strength in the cross border MAs i.e. cultural differences between countries, like the nations strength allows working in groups for example collectivism in Japan versus the individualistic in the U.S, clearly shows that by the combination of two companies that are based out of different culture and country might result in a stronger combined company (Hennart, Young-Ryeol, 1993). Companies in order to improve their product development and to improvise their research and development which is important for the future growth of many companies go in for MA and cross border activities. During the 1990s a widespread consolidation took place in the pharmaceutical industry and the motive for such a merger was to come up with new drugs and mounting costs of RD, this explains the reason for the mega merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merged in order to increase the RD budgets.(Gaughan.P,2007) Changes in the technology results a firm to either buy or sell depending on its position with respect to technological changes and effects. For example, Indias third largest software exporter Wipro had a success history of 10 acquisitions. Most of the acquired companies were based out in Europe and dealt technology or RD services. The Nerve Wire, AMS and Mpower helped Wipro gain skills in areas like financial securities, utility consulting and technologies respectively. (Paulson, Ed., Huber, 2007) CONCLUSION These were one among the few strategic factors that motivate a firm to opt for the Merger and Acquisition than going in for the other modes of entry. Despite the fact that by far the largest part of worldwide FDI takes the form of MA while in some regions Greenfield investment is most prominent.

Character evolution through three scaffold scenes Essay -- essays rese

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804 (net). He attended Bowdoin College with famous writers such as Horatio Bridge and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (net). In 1850, Hawthorne published The Scarlet Letter (1222). It is considered by many that The Scarlet Letter, â€Å"represents the height of Hawthorne’s literary genius. At this time, Boston was the center of a very Puritan society. Throughout the novel Hawthorne uses many symbols. For example, one prominent symbol is the scaffold. During this period in time, the scaffold was used for public humiliation. Those who had committed either a crime or a sin were forced to stand upon it in front of everybody in the town, as a form of confession or public recognition of one’s sin. In The Scarlet Letter, the scaffold not only represents the act of confessing but it also can be seen as a symbol of the stern, inflexible doctrine of the Puritan faith. The Scarlet Letter is centered on the three scaffold scenes , which unite the work, beginning, middle, and end. Hawthorne uses these scenes to aid in his development of the main characters, Hester Pryne, the Reverend Mr. Dimmsdale, and to a lesser degree, Roger Chillingsworth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Scarlet Letter, Reverend Dimmsdale commits the sin of adultery with Hester Pryne. As a result of this sinful act she bares a child which she names Pearl, the living evidence of their sin. The first scene takes place while Pearl is still an infant. Hester is made to ...

The Second Shift-Women in Society Essay -- Feminism Feminist Equality

The Second Shift-Women in Society Women have pushed forward in the struggle for equality. Today women are staples in the professional world. More women are attending college than men as proved in recent studies. Women have outnumbered men on college campuses since 1979, and on graduate school campuses since 1984. More American women than men have received bachelor's degrees every year since 1982. Even here on Haverford's campus, the Admissions Office received more applications from women for early decision candidacy than men for the eighth straight year. The wage gap is slowly decreasing and the fight for proper day care services along with insurance coverage for birth control pills are passionate issues for women across America. From the outside, it seems we have come along way. But step closer. Stop looking at the fights we have won and are continuing to fight as measures of our success. Look deeper. Look into the every day life of a working woman today in the United States. What you will find there tells a very di fferent story of a woman's world today. In 2002 the journal "Sex Roles: A Journal of Research" published a study on women and their roles in the family. The study found that "Seven out of ten married parents believe child care should be shared equally, but two-thirds of the moms said they mainly cared for children....[additionally] women continue to spend about three to seven times as many hours as men on cleaning and laundry tasks." This information does not cease with this study alone. The New York Times recently published an article which also explored the inner workings of an American family. The article quotes its own study: "The average working woman also gets about an hour's less sleep each night than ... ... established in the social construct of a more progressive society will our government legislate more feminist understandings of issues such as maternity leave and daycare. Women who are able to answer the question of womanhood in the privacy of their own self will spread this idea to her household. Eventually the private household will become a model for the public sector and eventually, the gradual process of redefining a woman's role will affect the means we organize our own society: laws and legislation. Women must embody the change before society achieves it. Sources Cited: 1)U.S. Dept of Education 2) "Striking a balance between mom and dad. Women are overloaded at home so how can couples better achieve the equality they say they want?" The Seattle Times 8 May 2004 3) "Survey Confirms It: Women Outjuggle Men" The New York Times Sept. 15, 2004

Juvenile Bootcamps Essay -- Teens History Boot Camp Essays

Boot camp is an alternative to incarceration. In this paper I will prove that Boot Camps for youthful offenders are effective. Boot camps started in the year 1888 by Warden Zebulon Brockway at the Elmira Reformatory located in Elmira, New York. The warden did this because he wanted to invoke a new way of disciplining and keeping the inmates active. The reasoning that this style of imprisonment worked was because there were virtually no prison guards which saved thousands of dollars. Another reason that it worked was because the men would work day and night producing quality goods that were much less then the competitors. Yates Law prohibited the inmates from competing in the open market which eventually lead to the end of the military like structure. Another reason for and end of this type of incarceration was due to World War I. Prior to the war local citizens were invited to the facility to witness the military like drills and ceremonies. As soon as the war ended the people didnâ €™t like the military which shut down the program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States Army used basic training to rehabilitate soldiers who committed crimes. They used this system because prisons were overcrowded and very expensive. This way reduced the cost and allowed the return of 42,000 soldiers into active duty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1965 shock incarceration was developed in Ohio. This was an attempt to â€Å"shock† inmates by making them think twice about what they were going to do. The length the incarceration was on for 90-180 days. An analysis of the program in Ohio proved to be successful. There was a 130 percent less recidivism then those with prior records.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Kentucky they had the highest rates of rearrest, reconviction and the return to prison. There reincarceration rare was only 21.4 percent. This was consistent with the finking form other shock probation programs that were heralded as effective (Vito and Ellis).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First Juvenile boot camp was established in 1985 in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. The kids who were accepted into boot camps were between the ages of 17-26 and the offence had to be one that was nonviolent or less then one first degree offense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boot camp incorporates military drill and ceremonies and physical training. After care is now one of the steps in a successful program. Most states now believe that group counseling are vital for the inmates succ... ... graduates of boot camps and the recidivism rate was at 21 percent but the prison rate is at 34 percent. This seems to be the key when wanting to help and lower the rate of recidivism. Proper aftercare and close monitoring will in fact help these troubled teens as you can tell by the number stated above.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The future of boot camps as well as shock incarceration will grow because of their success. My feeling is that if one troubled teen is helped then it is all worth while. Why stop trying to help if the majority is not willing to change but if that one will work hard and follow what they have learned in the boot camps then we should continue what were are doing. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anderson, J. , Burns, J. , & Dyson, L. , (1999). Boot Camps: An Intermediate Sanction. New York: University Press of America. Hebert, E. , & MacKenzie, D. , (Eds.). (1996). Correctional Boot Cmaps: A Tough Intermediate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanction. New York: Russel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vito, G. F. And Ellis, J. (1985). An offender-based tacking system study of three districts in the commonwealth of Kentucky Research Report Series: No. 4). Louisville, KY: University of Louisville, College of Urban And Public Affairs.

Death Is Beautiful Essay

People tend to be afraid of what they can’t control and avoid. In terms of death, it meets those two conditions which make people scared of it. Since no one knows what it feels when one dies, but can only guess what will happen after death, most people might not want to imagine the last moment of their lives. In our society, moreover, death is described as something dark and negative in movies, books and daily life in general. As a result, it becomes difficult and unbearable to face death when it comes. Every minute, somewhere in the world, countless babies are born with great celebration, whereas somewhere in the world, numerous people are dying with grief. Most people can relate to these situation as life stages. One of differences between birth and death is that one can’t be ready to be born itself, but on the other hand, most of people get a chance to prepare the end of life themselves. While people tend to glorify birth and consider death as unlucky, it is not always true. Death can be beautiful perhaps more than the moment of birth, depending on the way of how happily one has lived. What death makes unhappy is within its features, such as uncertainty of when, how and why to die, but above everything else, fear of death. In her article, â€Å"On The Fear of Death† written by Kubler-Ross, she describes fear of death shown among people from the past to today differently. She highlites the fact that people in both the past and present have felt fear of death similarly, but the shape of fear shown today has some different characteristics. Dying today is more lonely, mechanical and dehumanized, the fear of death is represented as these kind of features† Accoring to Kubler, people today are more likely suffering from emotional problems such as loneliness, even living in high technology which seems to fill men’s life with richness. In this article, the author also points out the way of facing death these days. Many people today would experience death in hospital where patiens are treated as products, getting treatment even until the moment when they die. It shows that death today is getting lonely compared to figure of death in the past, which people were watching those who they loved were dying close to that person. It made death more beautiful and natural. As a result of desolate death happened frequently today, people are getting fear of death more than past. Fear of death is natural phenomenon shown in most people. In â€Å"Who Wants to Live Forever? Immortality, Authenticity, and Living Forever in the Present† written by Ted M. Preston and Scott Dixon, they describe death as â€Å"So death, the most frightening of bad things, is nothing to us; since when we exist, death is not yet present, and when death is present, then we do not exist. †(100) In the article, two authors suggest the way of how to overcome fear of death, emphasizing that people don’t have to be afraid of death which we even can’t feel at the end. It shows that being worried about death in advance is how useless. It seems pretty persuasive and inspired for those who are suffering from fear of death. However, having fear of death isn’t always bad in some ways. The horrible feeling which people face when imagining death possibly can fuction in positive way at the same time, by reminding people of the fact that they only have limited time for life, as if a movie asks audience â€Å"If you have only one week to live, what would you do? †. Thus, it will give them a great turning point to change from old view on death, which represents something scary, to something we can even be ready. The fact that we have only limited time in life makes us able to concern about how to live with full of happiness. More than that, fear of death functions as an opportunity to look back one’s life because we are gonna die at the end, we need to define who I am and how we have been living as human being since we were born. Another example of what death makes unhappy is unnatural death which doesn’t seem to be ideal form of death. Unnatural death is antonym of natural death that means death from natural causes such as aging. For example, in unusual forms of death such as suicide or murder, death can’t be beautiful in the way that it is tragic and irrational. Living as human being is bless and a precious chance which God gave us. Thus at least, human being ought to live as long as one’s lifespan permits. Killing oneself or others can’t be justified for any reason. In case of murder, particularly, it is one of miserable death that should never happen because it infringe one’s right to live. On the other hand, more than half of people might experience death as a natural precess of aging including diseases cuased by old age. Dying naturally as we grow older might be ideal death for most people. Even though everyone knows that death can’t be inescapable, it would be still hard to accept death as one of processes in life. Nevertheless, denying death means denying one’s whole life as the law of nature. Since death doesn’t give any information to anyone, interestingly, every single person might have different view on death. That’s why building own belief regarding death during life is important to understand one’s life stages from birth to death clearly. As importantly as making own definition of death, it is also needed to set proper plans in each stage of life because it helps one to understand one’s life systematically. For those who understand that one’s life time is categorized by each different period by age and has different characteristic to consider, one’s life time can be much more valuable rather than living life without strategy for each stage to come. Whenever one realizes this rule, everyday can be the first day to start new stage and it is totally applicable for anyone who wants to design plans for life. If one has managed one’s life satisfactorily, this person are more likely feeling happy when he or she dies. Namely, one’s quality of life and death are related closely. If birth is our beginning of life, the death is the end of one’s life. People tend to concern about how to live during life, not recognizing the meaning of how to die. That is why most people are not fully prepared for death. Not only how happily one has lived is important, but also how happily one dies is meaningful. How many people would feel happy in the end of their life? In Sounth Korea, there is an interesting program which people can experience one’s funeral in advance, by practicing as if it is real funeral of mine. A man who was 50-year old applied this program with his families and close friends. His funeral was held in front of him and he was watching this silently. Some people started to cry as if they already lost this man and his son started to read the last letter sending for father. The man started to cry right after starting his imaginary funeral as well because he realized how he was being loved and how happy person he was. If one’s life has been happy, esteemed and loved, one’s death also should be happy at the end. The fact that no one can live forever makes them to be able to manage time effectively and consider order of priority in one’s life. Those who look at death as positive function of life started to think about how to die as well as how to live. They believe that death can be beautiful as much as the fact of what we are born in the world. The biggest benefits of this view is that people can get a chance to look back one’s life and make clear goals in life in advance. As a result, being awared death helps people to get rid of their pain or fear of death by already being ready to face death. However, there are those who consider death as positive one and these people prepare to be ready for peaceful death by practicing how death can be beautiful. This movement was not appeared just today and it shows that death is not something which people want to avoid unconditionally anymore. There is a strong method which people can lessen their fears of death with. It is the power of religions. Even though every religion has different interpretation of death, most of them describe it as something sacred and they teach believers to follow their doctrine to greet peaceful death or be rescued by God by relying on religion strongly. As people get older, they start to feel that death is coming. For example, an woman who is almost 90 year-old, may be tying to accept the fact which she is going to die soon. She may recall some good memories with her eyes closed and thinking about her family members whom she has loved the most during her life. On the other hand, it will be somehow tragic, if one who faces death feels sorry and regretful about one’s life. When young, it is hard to prepare next stages to come by looking ahead to the future. However, after they get weak both metally and phsically, they might realize that life is not that long. That’s why understanding death excatly and being prepared for beautiful death by managing one’s life meaningfully. When it comes to death, how one has been successful can be a matter. However, more than than how one has been happy is the most important value when leaving this world. To design happy life, if so, unerstanding one’s life stages and even death is regarded importantly because both are closely connected each other. Since one is born in the world, one is heading to death at the same time. The deeper one understands death, the more valuable life time one can manage. For someone, death just can mean the last moment of life. On the othe hand, for someone who believe the world after death, otherwise, death might mean exploring for new world. For someone who reminds oneself of limited time with death, death can be boost for one’s efficient time management for life. People don’t have to be afraid of death because it will be just short mement compared to one’s whole life time. If one’s life has been happy, one’s death also should be happy at the end.