Invisible Hand Essay

The invisible hand indicates situations that individuals pursuing their own self-interest leads to the social interest. It is all about free-market principles in operation and how they create desired results. The invisible hand reduces to a â€Å"laissez-faire† philosophy that sees government intervention into the markets as a real problem. The market mechanism of supply and demand communicates the wants of consumers to business and through business to resource suppliers. Competition forces business and resource suppliers to make appropriate responses. According to the invisible hand theory, each of us, acting in our own self-interests, generates a demand for goods and services that compels others to deliver those goods and services in the most efficient manner so that they may be able to receive compensation from others and make a profit in doing so. In this process, the invisible hand could be benevolent in the market because resources are allocated in the most efficient manner, in contrast to a process that relies on a centrally planned system. The invisible hand puts more resources into producing goods for which there is a shortage, as evidenced by high profit margins, at the expense of goods for which there is a surplus, as evidenced by low or negative profit margins. And the invisible hand keeps doing these adjustments continuously without anyone planning or ordering that society should produce more of what if needs and less of what it doesn’t need. In other words, the â€Å"invisible hand† represents all the social good incidentally caused by individuals pursuing their own self-interest. And it is true, the social benefits of the invisible hand are clearly seen in many cases. Firms are price takers in the market. So many firms that no one firm can influence price. It is also â€Å"homogeneous product†, rationality of all market actors and free entry and exit. A businessman who wants to become a millionaire must first come up with a product that is beneficial, pleasing and desired by thousand of customers. By pursuing his own greed, the millionaire also benefits society. The basic problem with the â€Å"invisible hand of the market† is that it is a metaphor, not a concept or principles; only simpletons refer to it as such. In practice, it is still too invisible, so governments are tempted to make it more visible through political interventions. It is clear why Smith says that moral norms are necessary for such a system to work in order for exchange to proceed, contracts must be enforceable, people must have good access to information about the products nd service available, and the rule of law must hold. Therefore, an invisible hand process is one in which the outcome to be explained is produced in a decentralized way, with no explicit agreements between the acting agents. The second essential component is that the process is not intentional. The agents’ aims are not coordinated nor identical with the acgual outcome, which is a byproduct of those aims. The process should work even without the agents having any knowledge of it. This why the process is called invisible.

General relativity Essay

For many years time travel was the stuff of science fiction. This was all just part of the world’s imagination until recently. Scientists now believe that the current laws of physics allow us to travel though time. They believe that we can now travel back to see our founding fathers sign the declaration of independence. We could travel to 2999 to witness the birth of the next new millennium. Such travel would require a machine capable of withstanding great pressures and incredible amounts of speed. The act of actually traveling though time is for the most part, agreed upon, but the implications of such travel is not so decided upon. Many different theorists have different views of what could happen and some go, as far as to say that if we did travel to the past, we would end up in a different universe that is a replica of this one. One of the most basic concepts is that of Dilation, a stretching of something. Some scientists believe that the main gateway to the past or future is a wormhole. Einstein’s general relativity theory explains about universal constants, this is important to understand the concepts of travel at light speed. Traveling to the past could create problems if someone tried to change something. This is a paradox. A few of these paradoxes are explained through the use of quantum mechanics. Sailing though the cosmos at the speed of light with no time passing us by, moving throughout time to witness the ancient Egyptians create their masterpieces. This is an exciting concept that we could actually formulate and make happen. Before the time of Einstein, Newton and other great investigators thought of space as an infinite expanse in which all things exist (Hewitt 213). We are in space and we live in it along with all of the planets and stars. It was never clear if the universe exists in space or space exists in the universe. Dose space exists outside the universe or only within the bounds of it. The similar question, does the universe exist only in time or does time only exist in the universe? Was there time before the universe, and will there be time after it ceases to exist? â€Å"Einstein’s answer to this is that time and space only exist within the universe. There is no time or space ? outside. ‘(Hewitt 213)† Einstein said that space and time are two separate parts of a whole called space-time (Hewitt 213). To understand this, consider our present knowledge. We move though time at the rate of 24 hours per day. This is only half the story though. To get the other half we have to convert our thinking from moving though time to moving though space-time (Hewitt 213). When we move, we not only move through space, we move though time. This is the idea of space-time. If a person were to stand still, they would be moving only though time. If they moved a little bit, they would be moving though space a little bit, but still mostly though time. If one were to travel at the speed of light, what changes would they experience in time? The answer is simple; they would be traveling through space, with no travel though time (Hewitt 214). They would be as ageless as light, for light travels though space only (not time) and is timeless. > The frame of reference of a photon, a particle of light, a trip across the universe would take no time at all (Hewitt 214). To understand how traveling though time would work, we must first understand how time and space can be stretched. Motion in space affects motion in time. Whenever we move through space, we to some degree alter our rate of motion in time. This is known as time dilation, a stretching of time that occurs ever so slightly for everyday speeds, but significantly for speeds approaching the speed of light. If we were to attempt to travel to the nearest star, Alpha Centauri, which is 4 light years away, even traveling at the speed of light would take 8 years round trip (Hewitt 228). The center of our galaxies is something like 30000 light years away and at the speed of light would take 30000 years to get there. We could not possibly survive that long. These arguments fail to take in to account of time dilation though. Time for a stationary observer on earth and for an astronaut on a spaceship of high velocity is different. A person’s heart beats to the rhythm of the realm it is in. One realm of time seems the same as any other to the person in the realms, but not to an observer outside that realm that can see the difference. As an example, astronauts traveling at 99% the speed of light could make a trip to the star Procyon that is 11. 4 light-years away in 23 earth years round trip (Hewitt 229). Because of time dilation, it would seem that only 3 years passed for the astronauts, there clocks would be 3 years older; they would be biologically only 3 years older (Hewitt 229). It would be the mission control people that would appear to be 23 years older. The question is why dose this happen. Let’s say that we are in our hometown, looking at the grandfather clock that is in the center of town. The clock reads 12:00 noon. Light from the sun bounces off the face of the clock and hits our eyes. We then turn our head and the light misses us and travels off into space. In space, there is a space ship that is traveling at the speed of light. An astronaut looks out his passenger-side window and sees the reflection of the clock. It reads 12:00 noon. As he continues to move at the speed of light, he keeps up with the reflected face of the clock. In the space ship time would pass as normal, but time in the universe would have seemed to stop. This might sound like cosmic bologna but the idea has been proven. In 1975 Professor Carl Tllie of the University of Maryland tested this theory using two synchronized atomic clocks (Brian par2). One clock was placed on a plain and flown for several hours while he other clock stayed on the ground. Upon landing, the clock on the plain was a little slower than the one on the ground. This was not due to experimental error, for the same test was done several times and each time yielded the same results. Because of time dilation travel in to the distance future is a definite possibility. The only problem lies in propelling a craft to such speed at which light travels. Carl Sagan wrote a science fiction novel about a fictional device that allowed his character to travel great distances across the universe. â€Å"Those faster than light speeds are not achievable; he also knew there was a common convention in science fiction that would allow a gimmick of a shortcut through ? Hyper space’ as a means around this problem( par2 ) . † Sagen turned to Kip Thorne for help for hyperspace connections through space-time( par2). A black hole always has two â€Å"ends†, a property ignored by everyone except a few mathematicians until the mid-1980s. Thorne was sufficiently intrigued to set two of his Ph. D. students, Michael Morris and Ulvi Yurtsever, the task of working out some of the details of the physical behavior of what the relativists know as†wormholes. † By starting out from the mathematical end of the problem, they constructed a space-time geometry that matched Sagans requirement of a wormhole that could be physical traversed by human beings. Sagan was right; hyperspace connections do at least in theory provide a means to travel to far distant regions of the universe without spending thousands of years putting around in an ordinary spacecraft. Since the 30’s scientists have speculated that wormholes exist. Einstein’s theory combines 3 dimensional space with time to create a 4 dimensional space (Brian par3). Wormholes are gateways between two different parts of the universe made by linking two black holes. Wormholes are in the fabric of 4 dimensional space that are connected, but which originate at different points in space and different times. By connecting the two holes they provide a quick path between two different locations in space and time. Distortions in space cause the point separated by the gap to bulge out and connect. This forms a wormhole through, which something could instantaneously travel to a far away place and time. This is basically the 4dinensial equivalent of a folded sheet of paper, to make contact from one edge of the paper to the other. One could build a craft strong enough to withstand the intense force of the gravity towards the center, and pass right through like opening a door of a house and stepping outside, except the space travelers outside could be light-years away and centuries before the current time. If the traveler enters one side he would exit in the opposite side in a different place and time. The difficulty of doing this is in keeping the hole open till the travel gets through otherwise it would collapse and the traveler would not be seen again. The trip is not impossible just extremely difficult. It is believed to be possible to create our own wormhole. To actually make one, two identical machines consisting of 2 parallel metal plates charged with unbelievable amounts of energy would need to be constructed. When the machines are placed in close proximity of each other the enormous amounts of energy, about that of an exploding star, would rip a hole in the space-time continuum and connect the two machines via a wormhole. This is possible and the beginnings of it have been illustrated in the lab by what is known as the Casimir effect. The next step would be to put one of these machines on a space ship and send it off at near light speed. The ship would take the machine on a journey while being connected to the other on earth via the wormhole. A step in the hole would take us to where the other machine is, but that would be in a different time. Its use would be somewhat limited because we could not travel to a time before the machine was created. However if we were to utilize wormhole technologic we would have to be so advanced that we could master the energy within blockhouse. Space-time consists of portraits or events that represent a particular place at a particular time. Your life forms sort of a worm in space-time. The tip of the tail is your birth and the head is your death. And everything that is the body is your life, otherwise called your world line. In three-dimensional space, a rocket that is not accelerating is stationary, but in four-dimensional space the ship is moving along is world line. Einstein’s law states simply that the world line of every object is a geodesic in the continuum. A geodesic is the shortest distance between two points but in curved space is not generally a straight line. If an object’s world line were to be distorted, so much of form a loop connected with a part on itself that represented an earlier place in time it would create a corridor to the past. Picture a loop to loop that runs into it as it comes around. This closed loop is called a closed time like curve. These curves could be used to travel into our own history. All the clams made about time travel are consequences of the basic scientific laws and standard Quantum Mechanics. Wormholes and closed time like curves appear to be the main way to travel to the past. The aforementioned theories do fine in expelling how to we would go about traveling through time, but they do little to explain what it would be like traveling through them. Quantum mechanics can be used to model possible scenarios and yields the probability of each possible output. In the context of time travel, it has a so-called â€Å"many universe interpretation. † First pursed by Huge Evertt III in 1957. This means that if something can physically happen it does in some universe. Everett says that our reality is only one of the many equally valid universes. There is a collection of these universes called a multiverse. Every multiverse has copies of every person, structure and atom. For every possible event every possible outcome is said to be played out in a different universe. This interpretation of Quantum Mechanics is quite controversial, but it does suggest that it may be impossible to travel backward in it to our own dimension, but quite possible to travel back in time to an alternate dimension. Such an idea of linking parallel universes has been suggested in science fiction novels and in some television shoes such as â€Å"Sliders. † In the television series â€Å"Sliders,† a â€Å"sliding machine† creates a wormhole that links 2 parallel dimensions. Each week a group of these sliders jump into the wormhole and emerge in the same place and time, but in a different dimension. They can run into there own selves and experience a society vastily different than their own. The stuff of science fiction stems from existing Physical theories. So now that we know travel through time is theoretically possible, what would it be like? What would traveling at light speed be like? It would be similar to driving our car at 60 mph. You could not really tell the difference, Einstein says that you can not tell the difference in uniformly moving vessels. According to Einstein’s laws of special relativity sight speed travel is not achievable. For any object to attain light speed, an object must be massless, such as a photon. Any object with mass would require an infinite amount of energy to accelerate to light speed. As we know, everything has mass so it would be impossible for any human to achieve these speeds. Another barrier on our traveling the speed of light, is the fact that light is pure energy, if we were to travel at that speed, we would turn into energy blobs. What happens when we actually travel back in to time? What happens if we change something, or try to commit suicide or to invent something from the future that we take for granted? The future from that point could be drastically changed. This argument is commonly called the Chronology principal. This principal states that the time travel could bring information to the past that could be used to create new ideas or products. If Pablo Picaso, the most influential and successful painter of the 20th century were to travel back in time to meet his younger self, assuming he stayed in his correct universe, he could then give himself a portfolio of all his work. His younger self could reproduce the paintings and profoundly and irrevocably affecting the future of art. This would involve no creative energy by the â€Å"inventor. † The reproductions would exist because they are copies from the original and the originals exist because they are copies of the reproductions. No creative energy would ever have to be put forth to create these masterpieces. Because of the chronology principal time travel, by some, has been ruled out. The cosmos await us, and the history of our world is at our fingertips. Would we use this great power for good, bad, and wealth? All we have to do is get in our spaceship, set sail for the nearest wormhole, and hope for a little luck, and we can witness things only told in stories. Only the traveler can decided what he or she wishes to go back for. The theories today state that traveling through time is possible, however they do not say what could be the repercussions of our actions. This great frontier awaits us; we have the knowledge, and are slowly but surly developing the technology. Only time will tell when time itself no longer rules our lives as one of the chief amendments of the universal constitution.

Rogerian Argument – Gun Control

1) What was the purpose of the essay? In your response, explore the deeper meaning of this question. The goal is not just to complete the assignment but instead to convey a message. What do you plan to accomplish with this essay? What do you hope the reader takes away from this argument? This essays purpose is to education people about gun regulations without favoring one side over the other. By using facts and not flat out saying what your stance is, I hope to persuade the reader to not listen to the media and make their own options.2) What did you learn from completing this assignment?  Did you experience a new understanding of the topic? Did you change your perspective after completing the research? The most interesting thing I found was gunfacts. info. That cites contained numerous facts about crime and how different actions used by Government played out. I always figured the UK would have a lower amount of gun violence with its strict regulations, but if fact it only made thin gs worse.3) What difficulties did you encounter during the research, writing, or editing phases of the assignment? I found it hard to remain neutral and not favor my true option.  While I’m sure it easy to figure out, I do see where the other side is coming from. I just don’t think they realize what their idea of â€Å"fixing† the problem would cause.4) What did you enjoy about this assignment? I’ve always enjoyed a good argument. While writing this paper I constantly went back and forth with my wife on what we thought should be implemented. We still disagree on magazine sizes.5) What made you decide to write about this particular topic? Is this a topic that you are discussing in another course? Is this a topic that concerns you in particular?  I know that the Government won’t take away my M-16 until my Military service is complete. I carry a concealed handgun anytime I go out. I could care less what happens to me, but if anyone try’s to hurt my wife they won’t like the outcome.6) Is there anything else you would like for me to know before reading your essay? Fact: Every day 550 rapes, 1,100 murders, and 5,200 other violent crimes are prevented just by showing a gun. In less than 0. 9% of these instances the gun ever actually fired. (Smith) Fact: Guns prevent an estimated 2. 5 million crimes a year or 6,849 every day.Often the gun is never fired and no blood (including the criminal’s) is shed. (Smith) I Would Gladly Pay You Tuesday for a Handgun Today Keeping guns out of the hands of people that wish to do harm to others, should be a goal of congress. This goal would be most effective if it was to be split into three category’s; Control of guns used for concealed carrying, control of guns used for home protection and keeping guns out of the hands of criminals. The last one is the most important, because most criminals don’t procure guns by using legal means.Gunfacts. info claims that peo ple with concealed carry permits are â€Å"5.7 times less likely to be arrested for violent offenses than the general public† (Smith) and â€Å"13. 5 times less likely to be arrested for non-violent offenses than the general public. † (Smith) So what does this tell us? Let’s look at what is required for most people to obtain a permit. In order to get a permit in South Carolina you have to attend a handgun safety class that teaches proper use and laws related to weapons. You must be 21 years old and the step that I think that should apply to anyone who what’s to own a weapon, submit finger prints for a background check.(Slider)It doesn’t seem like that would be too much to ask if you want to own something that could kill another person. So this tells me that perhaps to lower crimes with firearms, we need to educate people about firearms. This education would do the most good if it covered how to store firearms not only to prevent children from handl ing them, but to keep criminals from stealing them. Besides the illegal smuggling of firearms into the United States, criminal’s next popular means of obtaining weapons it through breaking into someone’s home.Properly securing your weapons in a manner that prevents unauthorized use would stop children from taking them into their school and criminals from walking off with them. Educating people on how to handle and clear a firearm would cut down on accidental deaths related to guns. You wouldn’t throw a teenager behind the wheel of a car without training. Before they can even drive they’re taught to look both ways before crossing the road. Why not take this concept with weapons?According to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute the â€Å"overall accidental firearm deaths have  declined more than 70% from an average of 3,000 deaths annually in the 1920s and 1930s to 800 in 2002. † (SAAMI) Before we make new laws to combat gun violence, maybe we should look at the current laws and why there now working.Congressman Mike Pompeo said it best in his response to President Obama’s gun control proposal, â€Å"Is it too much to ask that our President enforce the laws we already have in place rather than try to take guns away from law-abiding citizens? † (Pompeo) Making new laws to supplement the ones we already have doesn’t seem like a productive way to solve a problem.Well, what if we ban guns completely? â€Å"Ironically, firearm use in crimes in the UK has doubled in the decade since handguns were banned. † (Smith) It seems getting rid of guns can’t even solve the problem. So why is it that we think limiting guns will? The biggest advocate for gun ownership is the National Rifle Association (NRA). This organization lobbies politicians to vote against laws that would limit the rights of gun owners. While at some times it may seem like they are doing the right thing, it is the belief of many that they are becoming too involved in legislation.The Business Insider states that †Because the NRA is simultaneously a lobbying firm, a campaign operation, a popular social club, a generous benefactor and an industry group, the group is a juggernaut of influence in Washington. † (Hickey) How can a group as powerful as the NRA be held responsible for where they spend their money and who it influences? The monopoly that the NRA has is hindering the ability to pass law that could curb gun violence. But they are also protecting the rights of citizen to own and carry firearms.It might be this all or nothing stance that the government needs to take on gun control. Just like parents have been saying for years, â€Å"if you can’t play nice, no one gets to use it. † There isn’t a simple fix to the problem at hand. No one answer can please all the groups involved. There are already too many guns in the population to ban them completely an d giving them away freely wouldn’t help either. Even if we educate everyone we still won’t be stop gang violence. Keeping guns out of the hands of criminals needs to start with getting rid of the need to commit crime.The random acts of violence like school shooting shouldn’t dictate the policy that restricts guns. Just like we don’t blame automobiles for drunk drivers, we need to focus on the criminals and not the tools they use. Hickey, Walter. â€Å"How The NRA Became The Most Powerful Special Interest In Washington. † Business Insider. Business Insider, 18 Dec. 2012. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. This article is filled with information on how the NRA became so powerful. I list their methods for financing and what it is involved in. The NRA is the wealthiest and most powerful interest group.  SAAMI.â€Å"Decades of Success In Reducing Firearms Accidents. † Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute, INC. N. p. , 2003. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. This is a simple pamphlet outlining how education has reduced accidental gun deaths. It conveys a lot of information quickly and using easy to read graphs. It takes credit for the decrease in death since the 1920’s. Slider, Gary, Steve Aikens, Eric F. Crist, and Jason Schafer. â€Å"Hand Gun Laws. † Handgunlaw. PC Solutions, Inc, 16 Jan. 2013. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. This is any handgun owner’s best resource.It has everything someone would need to know about the laws in every state and how they apply to gun owners. By simply clicking on your state you can see what other states honor your permit and clicking on other states will tell you their regulations if you want to travel there. Smith, Guy. â€Å"Gun Facts. † Gun Facts. N. p. , 10th Apr. 2012. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. This is an invaluable resource for anyone looking for statistics on guns. It covers other countries and spans over numerous years to provide comprehensive information. His approach of using myths a nd then outlining the facts about it is very enlightening.

American Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

American Heritage - Essay Example employed to determine and govern the way that each of these aforementioned three actors can and should behave with relation to the tasks they were responsible for fulfilling and with regards to the level of cross jurisdictional activity that was allowed to occur between the two. It should be noted that although a powerful judiciary and/or legislature were feared as well, the ultimate fear that the founders had was with regards to the growth and over abundance of power that a strong executive might carve out for himself/herself. In this way, a secondary benefit of the separation of power can be seen to have an ancillary benefit of ensuring that none of the three becomes too powerful; however, the ultimate goal that was originally intended to ensure that the executive branch was not able to exact total control over the system. This was primarily born out of the fear that was a result of the means by which the colonists had experienced the full might and whimsical wrath of King George III. After having a far less than pleasant experience with the way in which a total monarch (the ultimate executive) could exhibit control over each and every aspect of life, the colonists and the framers wanted to ensure that they could create a system of governance that did not exhibit this particular flaw. By refusing the power of the legislature to enact law, by refusing the power of the executive to pass legislation, and by refusing the judicial power the powers associated with either the legislative or executive branches, the framers were able to create a system that most effectively represented the means by which checks and balances could be ensured between all three branches. By not making any one entity or individual ultimately responsible, the framers sought to create a medium of governance that would not perish by nature of its very inability to provide rapid and/or radical changes based upon the whims or personal interests of a single individual or a cabal of self

Deforestation in Indonesia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Deforestation in Indonesia - Research Paper Example The 52-second tremor left 5, 700 lives and damaged an estimated amount or US3.1 billion (Leitmann, 2007). These are just some of the examples from the growing list of disasters in Indonesia. At first glance, these disasters can be considered to be brought about by natural calamities, natural catastrophes that could be beyond anybody’s control. Taking a closer look however on Indonesia’s environmental policies, many issues can be clarified and a lot of questions can be answered. This paper delves on the environmental condition including the policies of Indonesia with specific focus on deforestation. Country profile Republic of Indonesia is an archipelagic country in the South East Asian region with the land area of 1.9 million sq km (BBC News, 2011). Indonesia’s terrain is mainly coastal lowlands and its larger islands have interior mountains (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). Indonesia is highly diverse ethnicity with more than 300 local languages (BBC News, 20 11). As of this year, Indonesia has a recorded population of more than 245 million. According to the data of Central Intelligence Agency, it has an urban population of 44 percent as of year 2010 and the rate of urbanization goes at 1.5 percent rate of change for the year 2010-2011. Indonesia is endowed with rich natural resources such as petroleum, gold, silver, coal, natural gas, nickel, and copper among others. Most of its land area is also arable and fertile soil. On the other hand, Indonesia is also home for the most volcanoes in the world, some 76 are historically active (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). In spite of being a highly agricultural country, only 16. 5 percent (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011) of Indonesia’s labor force is in the agricultural sector. The industrial sector dominates the labor force with 46.4 percent (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011) followed by services with 37.1 percent (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). This set-up of the labor force can be traced back during the 1970s when Indonesia started the development of its wood-processing industries maximizing its forests that comprise 84 percent of its total land area. From then on, Indonesia’s production capacity of pulp and paper industries has increased immensely by almost 700 percent, thus, it is now one of the world’s largest pulp and paper producer. Forest-related industry in Indonesia was further expanded in the decades of 1980s and 1990s by the government. However, these expansions went underway without any sustainable forest management system thus resulted to the acceleration of forest loss in the country. Status of deforestation Deforestation from a layman’s point of view is simply an act of cutting down trees in forest and rain forests. Usually, these are through logging or burning of trees. However, the act of systematically cutting down trees to pave the way for industrial plantations that support the pulp and paper industries or clear ing forests to convert them into crop plantation such as palm oil or opening up to mining industries, the simple act elevates to exploitation and deforestation becomes seriously destructive. Conversion to plantations The rate of forest loss is growing fast. In 1980, about 1 million hectare per year was cleared. This accelerated in the first half of the1990s with an average of 1.7 million hectares and by 1996 onwards, the average has grown as high as 2 million hectares (Four Corners,

The Dim Lighting Company Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Dim Lighting Company - Coursework Example 2. The second macroeconomic issue is the recent poor performance of the Dim Lighting Company subsidiary that Jim West manages that is the subject of this case. â€Å"last year the division failed to realize its operating targets, and profit margins dropped by 15 percent.† West is not mistaken to believe that this might affect his future with the company. More importantly and more to the point it is a problem for the corporate parent and would be a problem for any manager in any industry. Interestingly, the microeconomic problems confronting the subsidiary are relatively independent of the macroeconomic issues and focus on human resources issues. In a nutshell, both Jim West and Robert Spinks are small-minded and self-centered. They both need an attitude adjustment. 1. Jim West is not illogical when he worries that his career with the Dim Lighting Company is not affected positively by his subsidiary's poor performance. However, there is nothing personal about that situation. His job is to manage a profitable subsidiary and if it is not doing so he needs to be looking for solutions not obsessing over his personal fortunes. 2. Robert Spinks â€Å"is recognized as a talented scientist.† His staff is motivated by his scientific abilities and relevant professional organizations have recognized his abilities and achievements. However, that brilliance clearly does not translate into social intelligence. He left his former job over interpersonal-related issues and is regarded as â€Å"autocratic, strong-willed, and impatient† by other Dim Lighting Company managers. 2. The rapid changes in lighting technology are reflective of the overall emergence of the new Green economy. For economic reasons and the emergence of sustainability as a key corporate goal economy-wide are making energy efficiency in all industries essential. That is driving the demand for energy efficient solutions in all elements of the economy.

Refilction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Refilction - Essay Example Integrity – Integrity means being above reproach in matters pertaining to leadership. In matters pertaining to ethical leadership, integrity forms an important pillar on which other attributes rest upon. It is impossible to practice ethical leadership when one’s integrity is questionable. Knowledge – This refers to understanding that is accrued with time from either studying or experience. In ethical leadership, knowledge is very important because knowledge is power and therefore only those leaders that have knowledge are able to wield power and lead others properly. Cooperation – This means closely working together with other people in order to accomplish tasks. It follows then that the success of ethical leadership is largely dependent on close working of leaders with the people that they lead. Integration of these Values into Leadership Style Integration of these values into ethical leadership is not an easy task that can be undertaken overnight but it is a process. In this process, the first thing is be aware of these values and then embody them within ourselves. Embodying these values simply means living them and letting them become part of our daily lives. In this regards, it becomes easy to lead a lifestyle that is emanating from what we believe in. After embracing these values as our inner core values, the next step is developing visions that are important avenues of expressing the core values within us. It then becomes very easy to integrate these values into ethical leadership via the values that we have developed. Supporting Core Values in Ethical Decision Making Supporting of core values in professional life especially in times when we have to make ethical decisions is very challenging. The first thing is to stand firm with our decisions and not allow us to reverse them. This is important because when we allow to be moved from the decisions that we make, it shows that we are not sure of ourselves and therefore we cannot b e trusted with challenges of leadership. In addition, it is not good to allow personal emotions to interfere with our decision making processes. This is because emotions usually temper with our ability to think clearly and objectively. When emotions are involved in our decision making, it is more likely that the wrong decisions will be made. My Five Greatest Strengths One of my greatest strengths is mental strength. Mental strength is the ability to clearly think through issues and make the correct choices. I came to learn about this strength sometimes back when I was chosen to head a task force in my work place. This task force was supposed to come up with recommendations on how to recruit new staff. Another strength that I have is multitasking whereby I can undertake different tasks at the same time. This strength is not very easy to master and I came to discover it during the time when I was heading that task force. At that time, I was supposed to handle different issues and matt ers besides delivering on my job. A third strength that I know I have is good interaction with other people around me. I have known of this strength since I was a small child when growing with my siblings. Even after I joined elementary school and my later school life, I was never without friends and people have always considered me a very social and likable person. The fourth strength that I h

Mass marketing and Targeted marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mass marketing and Targeted marketing - Essay Example It includes Radio, Television, Newspapers and even the internet. According to Jakacki (2001), some of the products that are suited for this marketing strategy include drinking juice, furniture, automobiles as well as mobile phones. An example of a company that has used this strategy with a good measure of success is Coca Cola. Other food manufactures such as Nestle and electronics giants like Sony have also used this strategy to reach a world wide market. The major advantage of this strategy is economies of scale since production is in large quantities. At the other opposite end of mass marketing is targeted marketing or better still Niche marketing. Targeted marketing is aimed at a given market segment. A segment in this case may be a given geographic area, demographic profile such as the youth or behavioral segment based on variables such as income status or level of brand loyalty. There has been a shift from mass marketing to targeted marketing occasioned by a number of factors. Changing consumer patterns, the need to position products differently from competitors and the importance of being an expert in a given area. Jakacki (2001) says that today's consumers have diverse needs. For instance there is a segment that is keen on losing weight, and another one which wants to avoid sugar. This has led to the emergence of products such as Coke diet to cater for this unique segment. At the same time intense competition has led companies to produce products that are unique to a given segment hence setting the product significantly apart from those of the competitor. A phone company will therefore manufacture mobile phones with a music player in order to tap the youth market. This makes their products unique and leads to more sales in the specific market segment. The shift to targeted marketing can also be attributed to the fact that emphasis on one area makes you an expert in that particular field. A company is more likely to stand out from the crowd if only it is viewed as an expert in a given area by the consumer. For instance a food manufacturing company may get more mileage if it concentrates its effort in the manufacture of baby products only. Since it is the expert in this field then a good number of mothers are likely to buy its products. Using practical examples, explain how an integrated marketing communications strategy might enable marketers to more effectively reach target customers Integrated marketing communication is a new approach in marketing that is aimed at blending all marketing communication efforts of a company. (Moschis 1994) The ultimate goal is to make the various communication tools used by a company to compliment each other rather than work in isolation. It is based on the idea that the combined effect of the various communication tools is way much better than the sum of their individual effects. This helps in creating synergy in the company's communication effort. Moschis (1994) points out that a company can reach its customers using a number of communication tools. It can be through advertising, sales promotion or direct marketing. Now, integrated marketing communication aims at integrating all these tools so as to reach the

Marketing assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing - Assignment Example This maintains consistency and keeps the message straightforward to all customers. Furthermore, the integration also allows for Best Buy to communicate to all purchasing markets, no matter how large or small. This helps position Best Buy as a household name, not to be viewed as a corporate monster. This shows people that Best Buy provides products to all people and its products and prices do not discriminate, which is a beneficial component to implementing a successful integrated multi-channel marketing campaign. We promote differently because our organization uses social networking much more effectively and primarily than Best Buy would. Best Buy uses the internet for mostly on-site advertising; however, our organization concentrates on using social media to allow purchasers to share the word about our products and specials. This is helpful especially considering that anyone who uses our social networking channels will be able to receive special coupons and discounts that can only be received through mobile or social media

English II paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English II paper - Essay Example The story introduces the central character, Victor who had just lost his job and broke but needed to go to Phoenix to collect the remains of his cremated father who had apparently died of a heart attack. He also wanted to collect a pick-up truck and a few hundred dollars left by his late father. He was disappointed when the tribal council could only raise a hundred dollars as cash for this trip. Here, Alexie depicts Victor as a poor, sheltered Native American living on the reservation. He seems to have lost faith in his culture and traditions. He is affected negatively by his surrounding and struggles to find his identity. As he walked off to cash his check, he bumped into his childhood friend, Thomas Build the Fire. Thomas offered to lend Victor the money he needed to go to Phoenix, Arizona. In childhood, all the native American boys in the reservation including Victor kept ignoring Thomas for years because of â€Å"the same damn stories he was always telling over and over againâ⠂¬  (Sherman, 288). Thomas’ action was a sign of true friendship having offered and given his friend Victor money without expecting anything in return. The only condition Thomas gave was to accompany Victor to Phoenix in order to â€Å"watch out† for Victor, a promise he had given Victor’s father as revealed in the text (Sherman, 292). Thomas remained loyal to the promise he gave Victor’s father since the time they were kids, he always looked after Victor. The story brings out the importance of friendship and values such as loyalty and optimism. This interesting character in Thomas presents a person who is hardly affected negatively by the hardship and struggle a contrast of Victor’s character. Thomas also represents a funny, traditional person in the manner he greets Victor at the tribal trading post and expresses condolences for Victor’s loss. When Victor asked Thomas how he learned of the passing of Victor’s father, Thomas answere d, â€Å"I heard it on the wind. I heard it from the birds. I felt it in the sunlight. Also, your mother was just here crying† (Sherman, 292). When they came back from Phoenix, Victor promised that he would pay everything back. He thanked Thomas for help, but Thomas only replied; â€Å"do not worry about the money. It does not make any difference anyhow† (Sherman, 288). Notice that Thomas holds no personal attachment to money, possessions or wealth unlike his friend Victor who is modern, proud and possessive. In conclusion, I think their friendship was rekindled because Victor felt gratitude towards Thomas and even offered some of the father’s ashes to Thomas. When they arrived in his father’s trailer in Arizona, Victor apologized to Thomas. He even added, â€Å"I never told you I was sorry for beating you up that time†, and accepts him for whom he was (Sherman, 285). In an attempt to rekindle the alliance and relinquish any grudge, Victor agreed t o listen to just one more story as the trip came to a close. With some inheritance money, the story uses everyday life and conflicts inside an Indian reservation to present a parallel between the two characters in the story. Alexis explores life including typical conflicts such as the events that Victor encountered, reflections on his experiences with Thomas in childhood and later their rare

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 49

Art - Essay Example The lighter to darker shades and the use of the colors like blue and green evolves a vision that gives a watery impression to the eyes along with a motif, which places the piece of art close to the nature. Half twigged animals, especially the images of the ancient and extinct animals, add an extra surrealistic vision to the painting. The popping of sky blue colors in between and the thin lines of white and crystal images gives a feeling that the animals are made of some transparent elements. The trick of the art suggests many figures, which require a minute observation for the sake of actual comprehension. Only then can an observer identify the dual meaning of the images present within the figures, both virtually and literally (Art Heritage Program, â€Å"Vance Kirkland: 1904 – 1981 American Painter†). The picture truly bears many traits, which make the name for the picture appropriate. The tree line is evident within the picture; it also denotes scanty vegetation as the tree has strong barks but less branches and leaves. The front lying long twigged creature that attracts the attention of the viewers at the outset resembles a human body. The other twigged creatures have resemblance to animals like goat, vulture and dragon maintaining similarity with fairy tale creatures. Also, a sense of diversity in ecology and nature can be traced in the picture where the leaves arising from the same bark at different twigs are different in shapes and sizes. The leaves of the tree bears different shades of green and yellow while the background of the tree bark laded with twigged creatures have a flowing water body and mountains. Both the mountain and the water body has a sky bluish tinge inherent within them but the shades of the mountain and water body, as physical feature, is strikingly diffe rent, which has enabled them to make themselves distinctive. The land is also mountainous and resembles miniature valley and highlands

The law of equity Essay Example for Free

The law of equity Essay By the end of the 13th century, the central authority had established its precedence at least partly through the establishment of the common law. The Courts of Exchequer was a court originally dealing with disputes involving revenue, taxation and revenue laws. The Court of Common Pleas was where pleas between subject and subject were brought. And the Kings Bench heard actions to which the King was a party. The common law however, had a number of defects. The inflexibility of the writ system appeared to lead to injustice because matters that were not within the scope of writes recognized by the common law were dismissed. Furthermore, the common law did not recognize rights in the property other than those of strict legal ownership. Nor did it recognize security for loans (mortgages) or the right of third parties in general. The common law courts had no power of enforcement. Also, it did not allow any form of oral evidence. The only remedy provided by the common law were damages, which were inappropriate in certain cases. This led to injustice and the need to remedy the perceived weaknesses in the common law system. The more general a rule, the less likely it is to do justice in all the particular cases to which it applies. Moreover, an attempt to construct in advance the qualifications to the rule necessary to do justice in all cases would lead to a system of rules too complex, even if all the problems could be foreseen. The Court of Chancery emerged as a solution to the common problems faced by the common law system by administering the law of equity. Proceedings before the Chancellor were simple, and were in other respects advantageous when compared with the proceedings of the common law courts. Plaintiffs unable to obtain access to the three common law courts would turn for help to the Chancellor. Moreover, the Chancellor developed several remedies which were not available in other courts, most notably injunction, specific performance, recessions and rectifications. Other improvements made by equity are the imploration of additional obligations on an individual while recognizing his or her rights at common law. By accepting that a trustee is the legal owner of property while requiring the individual to hold it benefit of another. Equity is concerned with individual justice. Therefore, it is only available at the discretion of the court. Also, this means that anyone who seeks equitable remedies must not themselves be guilty of misconduct in the case. The division between the common law courts and the Courts of Equity were eventually combined under the Judicature Acts 1873-1875. Matters of both law and equity is now determined in the course of one set of proceedings: if there is any conflict between rules or law and rules of equity, the latter are to prevail. Injunction is as an order that prevents a person from performing or continuing to perform a particular act. In the case of Kennaway Vs. Thompson, the plaintiff sought an injunction to restrain a motor boat racing club from committing nuisance by excessive noise. The Court of Appeal granted the injunction, holding that the rights of the plaintiff shouldnt be overridden by the interest of the club or the general public. In considering whether to grant an injunction or damages in lieu under Lord Chairns Act, the public interest does not prevail over private rights. In this case, damages wouldnt have satisfied the plaintiffs private rights. Specific performance is an order that requires a person to perform or continue to perform a particular act. In the case of Jones Vs. Lipman, the defendant entered into a binding contract to sell some land to the plaintiff. After the date of the contract, the defendant changed his mind, and sought to avoid specific performance by selling the land to a company acquired by him solely for this purpose and controlled by him. While specific performance would not normally have ordered against a vendor who no longer owned the property, here the defendant was still in a position to complete the contract, because the company was a sham in an attempt to avoid recognition by equity. Thus, specific performance was decreed against the vendor and the company. Recession is an order that returns parties to contractual agreement to the position they were in before the agreement was entered into. Cooper  Vs.Phibbs, Phibbs was the legal owner and trustee of land which, unknown to either party, belonged in equity to Cooper. Phibbs improved the land and agreed to let it to Cooper. On discovering the facts, Cooper sought to rescind the letting agreement. The House of Lords held that, subject to a lien for Phibbss expenditure, it should be set aside. If parties contract under a mutual mistake and misapprehension as to their relative and respective rights, the result is that agreement is liable to be set aside as having proceeded upon a common mistake. Rectification is an order that relates to the alteration, under extremely limited circumstances, of contractual documents. In A.Roberts and Co. Ltd. vs. Leicestershire County Council, the plaintiffs had undertaken to build a school for the defendants. The agreement provided that the school should be completed within the period of 18 months, but the officers of the Council altered the period to 30 months in the draft contract without making it clear to the company. The company signed the contract without noticing the change, and one of the defendants officials was aware of the mistake. Rectification was ordered. In conclusion, equity has greatly ameliorated the common law system. Various forms of remedies other than damages have been made available under specific circumstances such as, injunction, recessions, rectifications and specific performance. However, in most instances there are differences between the operation of law and equity rather than conflict. For example, different remedies may be available in respect of what both systems acknowledge to be wrong. In respect of a nuisance, damages and injunction come into conflict. Bibliography Gary Slapper David Kelly, The English Legal System 6th Edition. M.L Barron R.J.A Fletcher, Fundamentals of Business Law 4th Edition. Helena Wray. Smith, Bailey Gunn, Modern English Legal System, 4th Edition, London Sweet Maxwell. Brenda Barrett, Principles of Business Law, Helena Wray. Paul Latimer, Business Law, 1988 Edition, CCIT Editorial Staff. Clive Turner, Australian Commercial Law, 22nd Edition, LBC Information Services 1999. www.lectlaw.com/files/lws65.htm Jill E. Martin, Hanbury Martin Modern Equity 14th Ed, London Sweet Maxwell Ltd. 1993. Jill E. Martin, Hanbury Martin Modern Equity 13th Ed, London Sweet Maxwell Ltd. 1993.

Benefits Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Effects of Water Pollution: The effects of water pollution are wide-ranging and these are highly dependent upon the type of chemicals that are dumped into the major water sources. Water pollution has an adverse effect on plants and creatures living in the water. In nearly all situations, the effect is destructive not only to the areas and individual species, but also to the natural biological populations. Sources of Water Pollution: The sources of water contamination are classified as being a point source or a non-point source of contamination. Point Source: Point sources of contamination take place when the damaging substance is produced straight into the stream. Example of a Point Source: A pipe spewing toxic substances straight into a waterway is an example. Non-Point Source: A non-point source takes place while there is run-off of contaminants into a river. Example of a Non-Point Source: When fertilizer from a field is carried into a river by surface run-off. Cost of Water Pollution: In the leading inclusive evaluation of its kind, the SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute), grounded at Tufts University, has presented a white paper with a title Valuing Floridas Clean Water. The document discovers that plankton and red tide outbreaks produced by water contamination cost the Floridians around 1.3 billion dollars to 10.5 billion dollars every year. The EPA will decide soon either to accept the state-written water contamination plan or to step in with more powerful federal rules and administration. Why the Cost of Water Pollution is Measured: Water that is fresh in our sources, ponds, rivers, coves and oceanic masses provides clean water, numerous fish, oyster and crab populations, enjoyable and safe swimming and boating prospects and various other advantages, for example attractive water views, increased values of property and healthier aquatic life. When this fresh water becomes contaminated through excess sediments, nutrients or poisonous chemicals, it requires the cleaning up water and minimizing the chances for the occurrence of contamination. Moreover, there are several other expenses that result to travel and leisure loss, recreational and fisheries-based financial systems, the difficult-to-value and the property values, but impossible to substitute environments, animals and plants that are really dependent upon healthier waters. Benefits of Water Pollution: There can be various advantages to certain kinds of fish or sea creatures. Such as, a species of carp may not be impacted much by contaminated water, but a trout-fish will die from the contamination. Therefore, the carp will possess the advantage by having no other fish to contest with for finding the food and region. Hence, the carp specie will grow in a better way. Though, there are valuable things that are the reasons for the occurrence of water contamination. Manufacturing plants, energy production plants, oil drilling rigs and chemical manufacturers all offer powerful advantages to community, but unfortunately, this leads to serious water contamination. However the contamination is not valuable, the reason is, and hence cannot be done away with. Such as, would we slightly have oil or amazingly clean oceans? Noticeably, oil is more valuable in that case. This is the major reason why there is contamination control which helps to minimize the disadvantages. There are advantages to the polluters as well. It is less expensive to release the waste products into the closest water resource or soil as compared to process or treat that rubbish. However, this is not a benefit to humankind in general. Problems of Water Pollution: Various water systems near metropolitan areas (towns and cities) are highly contaminated. This is the outcome of both rubbish thrown out by people and dangerous substances lawfully or unlawfully thrown out by production sectors, health industries, educational institutions and market places. The major issue caused by water contamination is that it destroys the life of living organisms that are based on these water bodies. Crabs, dead fish, sea gulls and birds, dolphins, whales, and various other creatures usually wind up on seashores, killed by contaminants in their environment (living environment). Pollution also interrupts the natural food chain. Pollutants for example cadmium and lead are eaten by tiny creatures. Then, these creatures are consumed by shell-fish and fish, and hence the food chain carries on being disturbed at all advanced levels. Ultimately, people are also impacted by this process. The human beings can get illnesses for example liver disease by the consumption of poisoned sea-food. In any third world countries, there is always occurrence of cholera and illnesses due to the inadequate water treatment from infected waters. Ecosystems (the collaboration of living organisms at a place, based on one another other for life) can be seriously changed or damaged by water contamination. Several areas are now being exaggerated with reckless human contamination, and this pollution is returning to hurt people in several ways.

Tourism industry of Greece

Tourism industry of Greece INTRODUCTION Greece has enjoyed a reputation as one of the prime tourism destinations in the world during the last two decades. Despite the fact that Greeces tourism sector is set for a couple of difficult years ahead with the global economic downturn and the international fear of the H1N1 virus hitting the industry hard, further threatening the countrys fragile economy, Greece has no option but to remain optimistic about its tourism evolution. Greece continues to be a preferred tourism destination because of its safe, low-crime, tourist-friendly environment. In addition, the successful Olympic Summer Games that Greece hosted in 2004 brought increased optimism regarding the future of the Greek tourism sector. Indeed, since the travel and tourism market affects, directly and indirectly, all sectors of the Greek national economy, the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) estimates that the real impact of the industry accounts for 14.5% of Greeces GDP and represents over 16.5% of total employment. This study is divided into four chapters. The first chapter of the project defines tourism and outlines the significance and importance of tourism using material of classic text. Produces different definitions of Tourisms and help us to understand Tourism as an International Phenomenon, as well as the Tourist product itself. We also discuss the political significance, educational significance, cultural significance and economic and social significance of Tourism. The second chapter tries to analyze and appraise the current situation of the Greek tourist industry and in detail produce a statistical analysis which shows the market structure, the types of holidays, the holiday facilities and the different types of tourists in Greece. The third chapter focuses on the prospects and new trends of the Greek Tourist industry and on the different strategic objectives and planning initiatives necessary for a competitive tourist industry. It is a fact that tourism is fundamental to the Greek economy and revenue from the industry helps to offset an otherwise adverse balance of payment because of the absence of heavy and competitive industry and the present and unfortunately long-lasting crisis in the shipping industry. Bearing in mind and despite the ever-changing tourist environment (strong euro, weak British sterling and American dollar) the future of the industry is optimistic and the forecasts favorable but pitfalls are always there. It is also tried to give a picture of the changing face of tourism in Greece, its potential and its future by discussing the alternative forms of Tourism. With the term  «alternative tourism » or  «tourism of specified interests » we define the summation of the completed tourism services, which are characterized by specialized work according to the specific needs and preferences of their customs, apply to a specialized public and count on ecologically permissible and mild activities, while they show off the natural beauties of the landscape without destroying it. Such sort of tourism is the Rural Agrotourism, the Cultural, Ecological Tourism e.t.c The forth chapter discusses a marketing analysis and planning, that focuses on the characteristics of the Greek islands and Greek coastal line, using the information, data and analysis of the previous chapters. Finally the conclusion summarizes the main points of all chapters and outlines the different factors which are very important and which dictate the tourism development in Greece. Tourism development is a very sensitive subject with several uncertainties. In addition, sufficient attention is not always given to the various problems that arise nor to the integration of tourism into the whole economy and society. CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TOURISM INTRODUCTION The first chapter of the project defines tourism and outlines the significance and importance of tourism. Produces different definitions of Tourisms and help us to understand Tourism as an International Phenomenon, as well as the Tourist product itself. We also discuss the political significance, educational significance, cultural significance and economic and social significance of Tourism. Defining Tourism In a project dealing with tourism, it is sensible to begin by defining Tourism, before we go on to examine the different forms which tourism can take and the statistics related to it. In fact, the task of defining tourism is not as easy as it may appear and can be rather confusing and complicated. While it is relatively easy to agree on technical definition of particular categories of tourism or tourist, the wider concept is ill-defined. Firstly, it is important to recognize that tourism is just one form of recreation, along with sports activities, hobbies and all of these are discretionary uses of our leisure time. Tourism usually incurs expenditure, although not necessarily so. A cyclist or a hiker, out for a camping week-end, carrying his own food, may contribute nothing to the tourism revenue of a region. Tourism is further defined as the movement of people away from their normal place of residence. But again, we must specify how far people must be expected to travel before they can be counted as tourists. One of the first attempts to define tourism was that of Professors Hunziker and Krapf of Berue University. They said that tourism should be defined as the sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non ­residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity. This definit ­ion helps to distinguish tourism from migrating, but it makes the assumption that it must necessarily include both travel and stay, thus precluding day tours. The weakness of this definition is that it appears not to include business travel, because it is connected with an income activity, even if that income is not earned in the destination country. In 1937 the League of Nations recommended a definition of tourist as one who travels for a period of 24 hours or more in a country other than that in which he usually resides. This was held to include persons traveling for pleasure, domestic reasons or health, persons traveling to a meeting or on business and persons visiting a country on a cruise level (even if for less than 24 hours). The principle weakness here is that it ignores the movement of domestic tourism. At the United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism, held in Rome in 1963 they considered recommendations put forward by the IOUTO (now the World Tourist Organizations) and agreed to the term visitors to describe any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation, remunerated from within the country visited. This definition was to cover two types of visitors. Tourists who are classed as temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose could be classified as leisure (whether for recreation, health, sport, holiday, study or religion) or business, family, mission or meeting; Excursionists, who were classed as temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours, including cruise travelers but excluding travelers in transit. A working party for the proposed Institute of Tourism in Britain (now Tourism Society) attempted to clarify the concept and reported in 1976: Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and activities during their stay at these destinations; it includes movement for all purposes, as well as day visits or excursions. This broader definition was reformulated slightly without losing any of its simplicity at the International Conference on Leisure Recreation Tourism, held by the Tourism Society in Cardiff in 1981: Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. Tourism may or may not involve overnight stays away from home. Significance of Tourism Tourism brings together people of different countries and backgrounds, has a political significance, educational significance, cultural significance and economic and social significance. The degree of significance achieved depends on the opportunities offered to tourists to meet freely with nationals of the host countries and the ability to converse in the relevant languages. In the ideal situation, tourism enhances awareness, knowledge and ultimately under ­standing between people of different nationalities. The importance of tourism was underlined by the United Nations resolution that Tourism is a basic and most desirable human activity deserving the praise and encourage ­ment of all people and all governments. In creating a better appreciation of other peoples ways of life and institutions tourism may create goodwill for a country. Each year many tourists travel to participate in particular events ranging from congress to athletic events. Their visits also provide opportunities to improve co-operation as well as to project an image of a country to the outside world. When traveling away from home, tourists come into contact with the places they visit and with the people living there and social exchange takes place. Their presence and their social background affect the social structure and way of life at the destination. Tourists are in turn affected by the experience and often carry back home with them new habits and a new outlook on life. Tourism has an educational significance. In the widest sense it has altogether beneficial effects which bring con ­tact between people of different races and nationalities. In a narrower sense, much tourist activity takes the form of study trips and attendance at courses and conferences with specified educational aims in view. Tourism is often accompanied by cultural exchanges and by cultural enrichment of those who travel as well as those at the receiving end. Cultural factors attract tourists to destinations architecture, historical monuments and birthplaces of famous people- are some places visited by tourists; festivals and exhibitions rely heavily on visitor traffic for their audience and attendance. In bringing together people of different backgrounds from different countries it therefore has a political and social significance. But the manifold significance of tourism does not arise only when people visit other countries. Internal, domestic tourism promotes similar interaction, between people and places to that knowledge and awareness which may enhance understanding. The main economic significance of tourism thus money earned in places of normal residence is spent in places visited is common to all tourism, whether international or domestic. Each year vast sums of money are transferred from the economies in which they are earned, to economies in receiving areas where they provide a source of income, a means of livelihood and amenities for the resident population. The outstanding economic effect of tourism lies in the purchasing power generated in receiving areas through the expenditure of visitors who tend to spend at a much higher rate than when they are at home. The flow of money generated by tourist expend ­iture finds its way into the overall economy of the tourist destination as the money is turned over and re-spent. But international tourist expenditure introduces an additional aspect of economic significance as countries which are separate political and economic entities have to balance their transact ­ions with the rest of the world. International tourism, there ­fore, enters into the balance of payments accounts of individual countries and is of major significance in international trade for countries which generate tourist traffic, it represents an import in much the same way as do the importing of merchandise. For countries receiving tourist traffic, it represents an export in much the same way as do the exports of merchandise. Globally, tourism constitutes a major item in the world which has shown a much faster rate of growth in recent years than world trade in goods. Tourism as a source of employment is particularly important for areas with limited alternative sources of employ ­ment .as is often the case in non-industrial areas like Greece, deficiencies in natural resources other th an diverse and scenic attractions. In addition to being a source of income and employment, tourism is frequently a source of amenity for the resident population of the tourist destination. The provision of income, jobs, and amenities for the resident population may be regarded as the main three beneficial effects of tourism which applies to a greater or lesser extent to any tourist destination. They are of particular significance to developing countries like Greece and to rural regions of the country. In comparison with other forms of economic development an improvement in living standards may be generated through tourism and its expenditure relatively quickly. No sophisticated technology is required to establish the basic facilities. As much of the industry is labour-intensive, tourism can absorb unemployed labour resources, which is particularly valuable in areas with surplus unskilled labour. Many operational skills are relatively simple and can be rapidly developed by inhabitants. To say this, is not to minimize the amount and quality of planning required to establish a tourist industry in a new area but to indicate some of the advantages and attractions it may have as compared with other types of developments. The challenge is clear for a region to decide: Whether it wishes to become a tourist destination. How to maximize the economic and other advantages of tourism. How to manage the problems and changes from the growth and development of tourism. CHAPTER 2 GREEK TOURISM ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION The second chapter tries to analyze and appraise the current situation of the Greek tourist industry and in detail produce a statistical analysis which shows the market structure, the types of holidays, the holiday facilities and the different types of tourists in Greece. The statistical data that will be collected from the different sources is going to be analyzed in order to specify the characteristics of Greek tourism, and the preferences and particulars of the tourists. Further on in the project this data will be used in order to conduct a development plan for the Greek s tourism and a marketing analysis. Special attention will be given to the islands and coastal areas of Greece. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN GREECE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS In Greece the Tourism development started after the end of the Second World War. The tourism arrivals from 210.000 in 1956 were increased to 8.351.000 in 1988 and to 18,754,593 in 2007. The 85% of the tourism movement takes place on May-October while the full months, when the 50% of the tourists visits our country, are July, August and September which demonstrates intensively the seasonal characteristic of tourism in Greece. The specific data concern mainly coast areas and islands, which either are specialized in foreign tourism and possess big hotel units, or are specialized in local tourism, mainly under the form of summer residence. The visitors in Greece come mainly from Europe and especially, from countries of the European Union (Germans and British) and, in a smaller percentage, from N.America. Thus, we notice the dependence on the international tourism in our country. The main tourism destinations are: Rhodes, Corfu, Crete, Calchidiki, Mikonos and Santorini as well as Attica ( Athens) however lately there is a series of other smaller destinations. The large number of islands, the archaeological and historical sites in combination with the excellent weather conditions, constitutes some of the most important elements of Greek tourism, which have played a significant role in the countrys effort to attract more international tourists and establish Greece as a country unique in welcoming and providing hospitality services to them. However, all the elements of tourism mentioned above combined with establishments, infrastructure and an ideal picture of tourism in the country have certain vulnerable points, which should be attributed to the uncontrolled, unscheduled and sometimes anarchic tourism development of the country dating back to the 70s and early 80s. Despite all problems, however, tourism has managed to put Greece in the list of those host countries, which attract the greatest numbers of international tourists and receive the largest revenue from tourism while its contribution to the gross national product is approximately between and 10%, and to the domestic product approximately 14%. ECONOMIC AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK ISLANDS AND COASTAL AREAS Geographically, the numerous Greek islands have their own particular characteristics. It would be no exaggeration to support the view that insular Greece has a Polynesian character, since 20% of its ground consists of big, medium and small, developed or underdeveloped, inhabited or uninhabited islands. Greece has 227 inhabited islands in all, 164 of which are in the Aegean Sea. According to the official census of the National Statistical Organization of Greece, in 1991 only 78 of these islands were inhabited by more than 100 people and 1600 Km coastal line. Despite the fact that there has recently been a growing concern about the economic development and modernization of the countrys regions, it cannot be supported that considerable accomplishments have been made toward that direction. Especially as concerns the islands, it should be pointed out that the effort for their economic development and growth has always focused on tourism, mainly due to an inability to expand present economic activities or develop new ones. The Greek islands of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea and the coastal line areas have undoubtedly set quite significant tourism goals and are greatly attractive to tourists. The tourism development on those areas is of two kinds, there are those , such as Crete, Rhodes, Chalkidiki and Corfu, which seek to attract tourists, package tour buyers, and others which seek to attract individual tourists, non package tour buyers, travelling usually from one island to the next, from one place to an other. There are Greek islands, which have achieved both economic and tourism development faster than others. Most of them are part of an insular complex and, naturally, income per capita and therefore the standard of living of the inhabitants is higher compared to other islands. Generally speaking, tourism in most Greek islands is a developing economic activity, and those involved directly or indirectly in the production and promotion of tourism goods and services, i.e. tourism demand, take advantage of it. However, apart from tourism, certain islands have developed other economic activities equally well. That means tourism on those islands has not been developed unilaterally against other economic activities, but in a balanced and harmonious way. Undoubtedly most of the Greek islands should develop new economic activities wherever possible, as well as alternative forms of tourism, which can contribute to strengthening their economies and generally to a further economic development and evolution. Those islands, however, which have a limited economic activity and no possibility of development or expansion, should focus on a tourism development within their limits. To achieve this, however, certain prerequisites will have to be set. In other words, what they need is the necessary tourism infrastructure and superstructure, and then they will have to choose the right alternative form of tourism development. GREEK TOURISM STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS General Tourism Characteristics analysis Entry Points analysis The statistical data by G.N.T.O (Greek National Tourist Organization) was carried out at the Greek airports (Athens, zakynthos, Iraklio, Thessalonica, Kavala, Kerkyra, Kefallinia, Kos, Mykonos, Rodos, Samos, Thira, Skiathos, Chania, Other Places), the Greek seaport (Elefsina, Igoumenitsa, Iraklio, Thessaloniki, Kerkyra, Patra, Rodos, Pireas, Other Places), the road crossing points (Doirani Kilkis, Evzoni- Kilkis, Kakavia -Ioannina, Kastaneae -Evros, Kipi- Evros, Krystallopogi Florina, Niki- Florina, Ormenio Evros, Promachon- Serres, Sagiada Thesprotia) and the train stations(Dikea Evros, Idomeni- Kilkis, Promachon- Serres, Pythio- Evros) . In this way, the survey covered all those tourist who came to the country by air, by sea, by train and by road. Of the total tourist in 20007 68,51% (in 2006 71.76%) came by plane, 24,86% (in 2006 21,45) by road, 6,09 (in 2006 6,30) by boat and the remaining 0,54% (in 2006 0,49) by train. The airports of Athens and Iraklion showed the greatest amount of traffic (22,10% and 11,91% respectively). Next in order of magnitude were Rhodes (7,91%) and Corfu (4,79%). Foreign tourists by nationality and country of permanent residence analysis Arrivals from Europe, which holds the biggest share of the tourist market (92.7%), showed an increase by 9.9% in comparison with 2006. Arrivals from the European Union increased by 20%. This growth arises from the fact that the total of the European Union includes for 2007, the two member states, Bulgaria and Romania. The majority of foreigners, who are EU citizens, like 2006, came from the UK (15%), Germany (12.9%) and Italy (6.6%). In comparison with the previous year and taking into account the share they hold in the total arrivals, the highest increase is presented in the two members, Bulgaria (62.4%) and Romania (83.1%). Concerning the other European Union countries, there are some minor changes in Germany and UK, a remarkable increase by 5.9% in Netherlands and a reduction by 2.6% in Italy. In the other continents there is a significant increase in the countries of America (12.9%) and remarkable reductions in Asia (-6.1%), Africa (-9.3%) and Oceania (-6.1%). Purpose of visits (Principal reason) analysis Holidays, business or visiting friends and/or relatives are the main factors which decisively influence the decision of travel. The survey data suggests that 83% of tourists came to Greece just for holidays. With regard to the nationality of those who declared holiday the data attributed the highest percentage to the Norwegians (92%) followed by the Austrians (91%), the Swiss and the British (89%), the Dutch (83%) and so on. Business as an exclusive reason for visiting Greece accounted for only 7%-of all respondents. Visiting relatives or a combination of holidays and visiting relatives were reasons cited mostly by Americans, (8%) and Australians (7%) and more specifically persons of Greek origin who come to spend their holiday and at the same time visiting their relatives. Type of accommodation analysis The survey showed that 63% of all tourists stayed in hotel-type accommodation (this included apartments). 29% in villas, rented rooms and campsites, 4% with friends and relatives and the remaining 3% in other places (ship, under the stars, etc. etc,) and 1% were transit passengers. Foreigners preferences with regard to class of hotel showed 33% opting for luxury (five star and ? class hotels), approximately 30% for intermediate class hotels and the remainder for lower class hotels. In terms of nationality, 58% of the British stayed in hotels and the rest in villas, rented rooms and campsites. Of the British who stayed in hotels, 32% chose luxury and A class hotels and 26% chose intermediate class hotels. A significant percentage 13%) stayed in furnished apartments while 10% plumped for villa and country houses. Average duration of stay analysis In calculating the length of stay in Greece we took into consideration the tourists dates of arrivals and departures. An analysis of the relevant data showed that the largest percentage of tourists (35%) stayed in Greece for between 11 and 14 days, whereas 18% stayed for 15 to 21 days, 36% for less than 10 days and the remaining 11% for more than 22 days. From this distribution we calculated that the average length of stay in each phase of the survey was I4 days. The average duration of stay has risen by approximately 1.5 days over the last 6 years. This is because over this time period the number of tourists arriving on charter flights has increased and most of them stay for more than 13 days. The length of stay varied according to nationality, thus 53% of British, 48 of Norwegians, 47% of Swiss and 38% of Germans stayed in Greece for approximately 2 weeks. Average expenditure per person in â‚ ¬ analysis During his stay in Greece, according to statistics from the Bank of Greece, each foreigner spends an average of 74,3â‚ ¬ per day and 847,3â‚ ¬ per stay. It is interesting to look at the average daily expend ­iture by nationality. Below, I present the percentage of the various nationalities per category of average daily expenditure and expenditure per stay. TOURISTS CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS Sex and age analysis The distribution by gender of the surveys respondents showed 9% imbalance in favors of the men. Thus, out of the total number of respondents, 54 ·5% were male and 45.5% female. The distribution by age statistics shows the 16-25 and the 26-40 age brackets predominating with 32% and 38% respectively. The distribution by gender and age produced a different picture, 41% of male respondents were in the 26-40 age bracket, whereas 30% were aged 41 to 65. Conversely, 33% of women were between 16 and 25 years of age, while 36% were between 26 and 40 years. Male tourists from the following- countries outnumbered their distaff compatriots by the following ratios: Yugoslavs: 77.3 : 32.7 Dutch: 57 ·3 : 42.7 Austrians: 57.2 : 42.8 Italians: 55-3 : 46.6 British : 55.1 : 44 ·9 Germany: 55.1 : 44.9 Occupational Grouping analysis In the analysis of the occupation groupings, use was made of the international double digit coding system to identify particular types of occupations. More specifically, the following occupational groupings were used: Groups Occupation 0 Engineers, Chemists, Teachers, Agronomists, Doctors, Lawyers, Economists,  ·Accountants, Journalists, Artist (Commercial, applied and fine arts). 1 Managers and Senior Cadres (In public authority organizations and businesses). 2 Office employees (In the Civil Service organizations and businesses) . 3 Traders and sales people. 4 Students 5 Unspecified professions. 6 Those engaged in the communications sectors (Seamen, Airline personnel, road and rail transport workers, Post Office and telephone workers, etc., etc.) 7 Craftsmen (and blue collar workers). 8 Those employed in the service industries (Barbers, photographers, hotel staff, etc.) 9 Other unclassifiable occupations (Armed Forces, etc) 37% of the British tourists fall into Group ? (Engineers and professionals) and 14% into Group 4 (Students). This means that more than half of the total number of tourists visiting Greece belongs to the occupational grouping with an above-average level of culture. Group 2 members (Office employees) also accounted for a significant part (14%) of all tourists. The remaining occupational groupings represented 35% of the total and their distribution was virtually uniform. Tourist preferences by occupation and type and class of accommodation analysis The results of the survey showed 37% of the managerial class stayed in four star hotels, whereas 21% stayed in five star hotels. Students, not unexpectedly, showed a marked preference (39%) for pensions, hostels, boarding houses, rented rooms and campsites. A Class hotels absorbed 33% of those respondents who did not specify professions (groups) and 28% of trade and sales people. 34% of office staff, craftsmen and laborers stayed in intermediate class accommodation, whereas the respective figure for those in the engineering sector, the professional and the Civil Service was 31%. Of the self-employed, 7% stayed with friends and relatives, while 5% of those engaged in the transport and accommodation industry stayed in other forms of lodging (ships, etc.) Cost of stay analysis More than half (55%) of all the tourists polled come to Greece on a packaged holiday. 66% of the British asked to comment on the cost of their stay in Greece found it reasonable and within their budget, 25% thought it low (cheap) and only 5% found it high (expensive). Reasons for choosing Greece as a holiday destination analysis The climate and the classical sights were the principal reasons (75%) given by British queried for choosing Greece for a holiday. Publicity media and other factors influencing tourists choice of Greece on their first visit analysis An analysis of the data shows that 32% of the tourists visiting Greece for the first time acquired information on .the country from friends and relatives. This conclusion is particularly significant as it shows that a large proportion of first-time visitors to Greece go home satisfied and recommend Greece as an ideal holiday destination to their friends and relatives. The second most important source of information was travel agents, who influenced 40% of the British. Publicity (Newspapers, magazines, radio, Internet etc.) acquainted 49% of all British with Greece, other sources (Posters, books etc.) accounted for 7% · Finally, 17% had heard about Greece from more than one source (e.g., friends, internet and media). Places visited and stayed at analysis The statistics say, 33% stayed in the greater Athens area, (Athens, Piraeus, Attica coasts, Saronic Gulf Island). Other main areas of preference were Rhodes (25%), Crete (21%) the Peloponnesian and Ionian Islands (Corfu excepted) 17%. The Cyclades 14% and Corfu 14%. The favorite destinations of the British continues to be Corfu (40%) followed by Rhodes (26%), Crete (19%) and the Athens region (15%). Tourist Mobility within Greece analysis As regards tourist mobility during the period of the survey, the following was observed: Every tourist polled on average visited and stayed in 1.5 places. More specifically 66% of the tourists visited and stayed in only one area, 19% stayed in two and the remaining 15% in three and more than three areas. In terms of nationality, 87% of the British stayed in one area. This virtual immobility on the part of the British is due to the fact that as the majority of British holiday makers come to Greece on organized charter flights, they do not stay far from their resort area. Following the British in the immobility stakes are the Japanese (85%) the Norwegians and the Swedes (84%), the Yugoslavs (77%) and the Austrians with (72%). Finally, more than one area was visited by the Spaniards (72%), the Canadians (70%), the Americans (64%), the French (62%

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1. Problem Statement: Pharmaceutical companies are facing many challenges, amongst which the most important ones are the freeze on drug prices, cost inflation, fake and counterfeit medicines, and IPR violations of patented products. In Pakistan, the World Health Organization estimates that as much as 30 to 40 percent of medication on the market may be counterfeited. Pakistanis spend 77 percent of their household health budgets on medications, which puts at high risk the quality of healthcare being received. The organic chemical industry in Pakistan faces many challenges, which includes input availability and price, scale, power, and infrastructure are one of the main problems. The inherent cyclical trends observed in the industry exaggerate these challenges. Depending on the supply and demand-side linkages, the severity of challenges differs across firms. Pakistani pharmaceutical industry is one of the major industries and it has 70% of share to fulfill the demand of finished pharmaceutical products. These both industries also contribute in economic growth and development. This study is a preliminary in nature and it will also be a milestone for future research on this topic. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and the determinants of efficiency of pharmaceutical and chemical firms in Pakistan. The efficiency of each firm will be evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Objectives of Study: Following are key research questions that are needed to be explored/discussed †¢ To find the economic efficiency of Pharmaceutical and Chemical firms in Pakistan using non-parametric techniques. †¢ Conduct Tobit regression analysis for augmenting the analysis. †¢ To make recommendations on the basis of empirical... ... with which pre- and post-merger activities have been conducted in banks that were studied by DEA. Since DEA in its present form was first introduced in 1978, researchers in a number of fields have quickly recognized that it is an excellent and easily used methodology for modeling operational processes for performance evaluations. This has been accompanied by other developments. For instance, Zhu (2002) provides a number of DEA spreadsheet models that can be used in performance evaluation and benchmarking. DEA’s empirical orientation and the absence of a need for the numerous a priori assumptions that accompany other approaches (such as standard forms of statistical regression analysis) have resulted in its use in a number of studies involving efficient frontier estimation in the governmental and nonprofit sector, in the regulated sector, and in the private sector.

a prayer fo owen meany :: essays research papers

A Critique of A Prayer For Owen Meany   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel written by John Irving, A Prayer For Owen Meany, the protagonist, Owen Meany, developed an unusual religious significance. Owen experienced visions of future events, he had a unique type of faith in God that is unusual of most people, and he speaks endlessly to inform people about God. Throughout Owen’s life he demonstrated the same characteristics as a prophet through his actions and his words.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similar to a prophet, Owen was given precognitive powers that allowed him to see into the future. Owen’s first prophecy came to him on New Years Eve in 1953 during the community production of â€Å"A Christmas Carol†. The most obvious inference concerning the play was that Owen played the part of the ghost of Christmas yet to come. Owen had dehumanized this character to the point that children were leaving the theater crying and some were even wetting their pants. Both of them were told their futures, however Scrooge made and effort to change his, where as Owen did not. Owen’s revelation came through a vision he experienced during the graveyard scene of the play. He immediately fainted following the vision. The curtains went down, and members of the production all ran to help Owen. Owen believed he had seen his name on a gravestone along with the date of his death and no one could convince him otherwise. The fact that he was correct about the date of his death confirmed that he had visions and confirmed his qualities of being a prophet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A prophet uses his visions to not only prove they have powers, but also to benefit others. The second prophecy came to Owen in his dreams when he envisioned the reason and the way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schaefer 2 his life would end. Owen wrote his dream in his diary. No one realized how detailed and precise it really was until they read it for themselves. Owen stated in his diary,† The way they look at me, I know two things. I know I saved them-I don’t know how. And I know that they’re afraid for me.† The entries in his diary revealed that he died saving Vietnamese children. God died for others too; this is why he is considered a true hero. (Sebsteph 1) A prophet uses their prophecies to benefit the world or allow people to learn from their visions and this is a prime example of this.

Consequently Mayflower

There were several dfferent classes of people who settled in the colonies of North America. They all experienced hardships along the way, though some experiences were milder than others. One perspective of someone who had a decent experience. was William Bradford. He was one of the leaders among the group of religious, freedom-seeking people, called Pilgrims, who arrived in America on the Mayflower. Their trip was not as smooth as It seemed though. Their ship had gotten off-course several times, as a result of the violent storms that took place.Consequently, in spite f the patent (which had originally granted them to settle in Virginia), they ended up settling their colony in what they called Plymouth (Massachusetts). This lead to a series of conflicts between the group of land-seeking people and the religious people. The land-seeking people argued that they were not bound by the terms of the patent, and thus no one had the power to control them. As a compromise, Bradford and the oth er leaders created an agreement called the Mayflower Compact, which stated that members of the colony had to form a civic body politic, and obey by the laws for the good of the colony.Bradford later went on become governor of the Plymouth Colony. Another perspective, is of Olaudah Equiano, who served as an African slave and came to the America not by choice, but by force. Born in Africa to a village chief, Equiano was suppose to follow in his father's footsteps. However, at age 11 he was kidnapped and loaded Into a crowded slave ship with Inhumane conditions. After barely surviving the poor conditions of the trip, Equiano was first taken to the Barbados, and then to Virginia to work in a plantation. Less than a month later, he was sold to an English naval officer.After traveling the world as the man's servant for seven years, he was fortunate to have been able to buy his way out of slavery. HIS fate was lucky, compared to others who would, along with their children. never know freed om again. Lastly, a slightly better experience of settling in the colonies would be Matthew Lyon, who was one of the many indentured servants who voluntarily agreed to trade their freedom for a trip to America. Lyon was a fourteen year old at the time, but his intelligence allowed him to persuade the ship captain to say he was eighteen (through bribery), which lessened his service time to three- ears.However, because of his cleverness, he once again was able to shorten his service time. After a year of service, he convinced a farmer to give him two bulls, promlslng to pay off the debt when he was free. With the bulls now In his possession. he was then able to sell the bulls to his master in exchange for his freedom. From the on, he was free, and after working off the debt he owed the farmer, Lyon went on to first become a ironworker, then an officer in the army, and eventually, the legislator of Vermont.As you can see, there were many different types of people with a wide ange of pe rspectives, who settled in the colonies of North America. BY Pinklover1967 There were several different classes of people who settled in the colonies of North were milder than others. One perspective of someone who had a decent experience, Their trip was not as smooth as it seemed though. Their ship had gotten off-course 11 he was kidnapped and loaded into a crowded slave ship with inhumane slavery. His fate was lucky, compared to others who would, along with their children, promising to pay off the debt when he was free. With the bulls now in his possession,